http://www.antigravity.it onde gravitazionali e energie libere e diari raccontati da  Rami@antigravity.it

L'ultima ricerca riguardo alla forza cosmologica mysterious conosciuta
come "l'energia scura" è indirizzata. L'energia scura è
antigravità-come forza che sta facendo apparentemente il tessuto
dell'universo gonfia più velocemente di gravità può rendergli il
crollo. I fisici hanno bisogno delle più informazioni sulle
proprietà specifiche di energia scura. I cosmologists e gli astronomi
infine stanno cominciando ad ottenere i dati che li permettono di
esaminare a fondo quelle proprietà. Uno degli obiettivi chiave è il
parametro "di W"; il W è l'equazione di dichiara di energia
scura e 1will caratterizzano la natura di energia scura. I fisici
devono inchiodare giù quanto validamente l'energia scura sta
riguardando giù l'universo e se la spinta ha variato col tempo. Se la
pressione dell'energia scura è stata costante durante la storia
dell'universo, allora il W è dato il valore di -1, un valore negativo
poiché l'energia scura ha la proprietà counterintuitive di impiegare
più pressione mentre si espande. Se le proprietà di energia scura
stanno cambiando col tempo, allora il W si trova fra 0 e -1. Il resto
dell'articolo discute i vari valori che i ricercatori stanno
speculando per le osservazioni di parametro w. dei supernovae e
finalmente lo sviluppo delle serie di ingranaggi e delle galassie
distanti della galassia comincerà a tirare indietro il velare
mysterious che circonda la conoscenza di energia scura. (CSA) LA: PY
INGLESE: 2003

Dark energy tiptoes toward the spotlight
AU: Seife, C
AV: AIAA Dispatch; Voice: 800 662 1545; Fax: 816 926 8794; E-Mail: dispatch@aiaa.org
SO: Science (0036-8075), vol. 300, no. 5627, 20 June 2003, p. 1896, 1897
IS: 0036-8075
PB: Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science
AB: The latest research concerning the mysterious cosmological force known as
"dark energy" is addressed. Dark energy is an antigravity-like force that is
apparently making the fabric of the universe inflate faster than gravity can
make it collapse. Physicists need more information about the specific properties
of dark energy. Cosmologists and astronomers are finally beginning to get data
that allow them to delve into those properties. One of the key targets is the
"w" parameter; w is the equation of state of dark energy and 1will characterize
the nature of dark energy. Physicists need to nail down how forcefully the dark
energy is bearing down on the universe and whether the push has varied over
time. If dark energy's pressure has been constant throughout the history of the
universe, then w is given the value of -1, a negative value since dark energy
has the counterintuitive property of exerting more pressure as it expands. If
the properties of dark energy have been changing over time, then w lies between
0 and -1. The remainder of the article discusses the various values researchers
are speculating for the parameter w. Observations of supernovae and eventually
the evolution of distant galaxy clusters and galaxies will begin to pull back
the mysterious veil surrounding the knowledge of dark energy. (CSA)
LA: ENGLISH
PY: 2003
PT: JOURNAL ARTICLE
CP: UNITED STATES
CO: UNITED STATES
DE: dark Energy; Parameter Identification; Cosmology; Astronomy; Physics;
Universe; Galaxies; Force; Pressure; Data; Observation; Supernovae; Equations Of
State; Clusters; Research; Evolution; Collapse
CL: 90 ASTROPHYSICS; 52 High-Energy Physics (SO)
UD: 200308
dott. Enrico Valbonesi 
http://www.antigravity.it

Antigravity welding [overhead position] processes
AU: CONSTANTIN, E; IORDACHESCU, D
AF: DUNAREA DE JOS UNIVERSITY, GALATI. ROMANIA
ED: O.Al-Erhayem
CF: JOM-10, Proceedings, JOM-10, International Conference on the Joining of
Materials, Helsingor, Denmark; 11-14 May 2001
SO: JOM-10, Proceedings, JOM-10, International Conference on the Joining of
Materials, Helsingor, Denmark; 11-14 May 2001. pp. 268-275. 2001
IB: 87895820971
PB: DK-3250 Gilleleje, Denmark; Institute for the Joining of Materials
AB: Models of the forces acting on the molten pool during arc welding processes
were used to optimise equipment design and process parameters for mechanised
welding in different welding positions (particularly horizontal overhead
position). The model considered electromagnetic forces, and gravitational and
surface tension forces which were dependent upon the size and angle of the
molten pool. Computer simulations were compared with experimental observations,
and equipment developed for submerged arc, plasma arc, GMA (MIG/MAG) and TIG
welding.
IL: 14 fig.
NR: 6
dott. Enrico Valbonesi 
http://www.antigravity.it

Why and how are posture and movement coordinated?
AU: Massion, J; Alexandrov, A; Frolov, A
AF: Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Universite de Provence, 13621
Aix-en-Provence, France. jean.massion@lpl.univ-aix.fr
SO: Progress in brain research, 2004, 143:13-27
IS: 0079-6123
AB: In most motor acts, posture and movement must be coordinated in order to
achieve the goal of the task. The focus of this chapter is on why and how this
coordination takes place. First, the nature of posture is discussed. Two of its
general functions are recognized; an antigravity role, and a role in interfacing
the body with its environment such that perception and action can ensue. Next
addressed is how posture is controlled centrally. Two models are presented and
evaluated; a genetic and a hierarchical one. The latter has two levels; internal
representation and execution. Finally, we consider how central control processes
might achieve an effective coordination between posture and movement. Is a
single central control process responsible for both movement and its associated
posture? Alternatively, is there a dual coordinated control system: one for
movement, and the other for posture? We provide evidence for the latter, in the
form of a biomechanical analysis that features the use of eigenmovement approach.
LA: English
PY: 2004
PT: Journal Article; Review; Review, Tutorial
CP: Netherlands
DE: Central Nervous System: physiology; Gravitation; Human; Motor Skills:
physiology; Movement: physiology; Posture: physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
FE: 94 references
LR: 20040129
UD: 20040131
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 14653147
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TI: Prospective evaluation of biceps to triceps and deltoid to triceps for elbow
extension in tetraplegia.
AU: Mulcahey, MJ; Lutz, C; Kozin, SH; Betz, RR
AF: Rehabilitation Services and Clinical Research, Shriners Hospitals for
Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
SO: The Journal of hand surgery, 2003 Nov, 28(6):964-71
IS: 0363-5023
AB: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the deltoid
to triceps and biceps to triceps transfers for restoration of elbow extension in
young persons with tetraplegia. METHODS: This was a prospective randomized
study. Sixteen arms of 9 subjects between 8 and 20 years of age with
cervical-level spinal cord injuries were assigned randomly to undergo either a
deltoid to triceps transfer or a biceps to triceps transfer. All arms were
followed-up prospectively for at least 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: Elbow
extension was restored in 8 arms via the deltoid and in 8 arms via the biceps
transfers. At the 24-month follow-up evaluation 7 of the 8 biceps transfers
produced antigravity strength (grade 3 or better); in contrast only one arm with
the deltoid transfer was able to extend against gravity. There was a
considerable but subclinical loss (no subject appreciated any functional
deficit) of elbow flexion torque after both transfers. Three months after
surgery the deltoid group showed a 51% loss of elbow flexion torque and the
biceps group showed a 52% loss of elbow flexion torque. By 24 months after
surgery both groups improved but still showed a loss of flexion torque (deltoid
32%, biceps 47%). After gaining elbow extension the subjects in both groups
rated the performance of most activities of daily living (ADL) and all
self-selected activities as better, as measured on the Modified University of
Minnesota Tendon Transfer Functional Improvement Questionnaire and the Canadian
Occupational Performance Measure, respectively. Likewise all subjects were more
satisfied with performance of their goals after undergoing elbow extension
reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the benefits of restoring elbow
extension in persons with tetraplegia and provided support for the biceps
transfer as an alternative to the deltoid to triceps transfer in individuals
with good brachialis and supinator strength.
LA: English
PY: 2003
PT: Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
CP: United States
DE: Activities of Daily Living; Elbow Joint: physiopathology; Elbow Joint:
surgery; Muscle, Skeletal: transplantation; Prospective Studies; Quadriplegia:
rehabilitation; Range of Motion, Articular; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Torque
UD: 20040325
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 14642512
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TI: Antigravity hills are visual illusions.
AU: Bressan, P; Garlaschelli, L; Barracano, M
AF: Universita di Padova, Padova, Italy. paola.bressan@unipd.it
SO: Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society /
APS, 2003 Sep, 14(5):441-9
IS: 0956-7976
AB: Antigravity hills, also known as spook hills or magnetic hills, are natural
places where cars put into neutral are seen to move uphill on a slightly sloping
road, apparently defying the law of gravity. We show that these effects,
popularly attributed to gravitational anomalies, are in fact visual illusions.
We re-created all the known types of antigravity spots in our laboratory using
tabletop models; the number of visible stretches of road, their slant, and the
height of the visible horizon were systematically varied in four experiments. We
conclude that antigravity-hill effects follow from a misperception of the eye
level relative to gravity, caused by the presence of either contextual inclines
or a false horizon line.
LA: English
PY: 2003
PT: Journal Article
CP: United States
DE: Adult; Automobile Driving: psychology; Depth Perception; Discrimination
Learning; Female; Gravitation; Human; Male; Motion Perception; Optical
Illusions; Orientation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Perceptual Distortion
LR: 20040129
UD: 20040131
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12930474
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TI: Development of contractile and energetic capacity in anuran hindlimb muscle
during metamorphosis.
AU: Park, JC; Kim, HS; Yamashita, M; Choi, I
AF: Department of Life Science, College of Liberal Arts and Science, Yonsei
University, 234 Maeji-Ri, Heungup-Myon, Wonju, Gangwon-Do 222-710, Republic of
Korea.
SO: Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ, 2003 Jul-Aug, 76(4):533-43
IS: 1522-2152
AB: Anuran larvae undergo water-to-land transition during late metamorphosis. We
investigated the development of the iliofibularis muscle in bullfrog tadpoles
(Rana catesbeiana) between Gosner's stage 37 and stage 46 (the last stage). The
tadpoles began staying in shallow water at least as early as stage 37, kicking
from stage 39, active hindlimb swimming from stage 41, and emerging onto shore
from stage 42. For control tadpoles kept in water throughout metamorphosis,
muscle mass and length increased two- to threefold between stages 37 and 46,
with rapid increases at stage 40. Large, steady increases were found in femur
mass, tetanic tension, contraction rate, and power between stages 37 and 46.
Concentrations of ATP and creatine phosphate and rates of the phosphagen
depletion and the activity of creatine kinase increased significantly, mainly
after stage 43. Shortening velocity, tetanic rise time, and half-relaxation time
varied little. Energy charge (the amount of metabolically available energy
stored in the adenine nucleotide pool) remained unchanged until stage 43 but
decreased at stage 46. Compared with the control, experimental tadpoles that
were allowed access to both water and land exhibited 1.2- to 1.8-fold greater
increases in femur mass, tetanic tension, power, phosphagen depletion rates, and
creatine kinase activities at late metamorphic stages but no significant
differences for other parameters measured. In sum, most hindlimb development
proceeds on the basis of the increasingly active use of limbs for locomotion in
water. The further increases in tension, mechanical power, and "chemical power"
on emergence would be advantageous for terrestrial antigravity performance.
LA: English
PY: 2003
PT: Journal Article
CP: United States
DE: Animals; Body Constitution: physiology; Comparative Study; Energy
Metabolism: physiology; Hindlimb: growth & development; Hindlimb: metabolism;
Locomotion: physiology; Metamorphosis, Biological: physiology; Muscle
Contraction: physiology; Muscle, Skeletal: growth & development; Muscle,
Skeletal: metabolism; Rana catesbeiana: metabolism; Rana catesbeiana:
physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
UD: 20031231
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 13130432
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TI: [The sitting position in neurosurgical anaesthesia: a survey of French practice]
OT: Utilisation de la position assise pour les interventions neurochirurgicales
en France (resultats d'une enquete nationale).
AU: Liutkus, D; Gouraud, JP; Blanloeil, Y
AF: Departement d'anesthesie-reanimation chirurgicale, CH Le Mans, 194, avenue
Rubillard, 72000, Le Mans, France. dariusliutkus@hotmail.com
<dariusliutkus@hotmail.com>
CA: ANARLF
SO: Annales francaises d'anesthesie et de reanimation, 2003 Apr, 22(4):296-300
IS: 0750-7658
AB: INTRODUCTION: It remains a French and international controversy about the
use of the sitting position in neurosurgery. The aim of this study was to
evaluate the frequency of sitting position use, perioperative monitoring and
procedures for air embolism detection and treatment. STUDY DESIGN: National
postal survey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The survey was sent in may 2000 to the
anaesthesiologists in 53 french public neurosurgical centers. Responses were
collected during 9 months. RESULTS: Among the 44 centers (83%), 33 (75%) used
the sitting position. In 20 centers (61%) it was limited for the surgical
procedures for which the surgeon was unable to operate in other position.
Perioperative monitoring for air embolism was: capnography (100%), Swan-Ganz
catheter (21%), precordial Doppler ultrasonography (15%) and transoesophageal
echocardiography (6%). Only 12 centers (36%) used 2 or more techniques of
detection for perioperative air embolism. In the 25 centers (76%) of those,
which used the sitting position systematic pre-operative identification of
patent foramen ovale by contrast echocardiography was performed. Prevention
procedures of air embolism were: plasma volume expansion (94%), antigravity suit
(61%), mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (42%), and
abdominal compression (24%). No protocol of air embolism prophylaxis was used in
18 centers. CONCLUSION: The survey concerned 83% of the centers. The number of
centers using the sitting position was larger than in other countries like
United Kingdom, Germany and Japan. Despite its lack of sensitivity capnography
was universally practised. Preoperative contrast echocardiography for patent
foramen ovale detection was not considered as necessary in all centers. Expert
recommendations may be required.
LA: French
PY: 2003
PT: Journal Article
CP: France
DE: Blood Gas Analysis; Data Collection; Echocardiography, Transesophageal;
Embolism, Air: diagnosis; Embolism, Air: therapy; English Abstract; France; G
Suits; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial: complications; Heart Septal Defects,
Atrial: diagnosis; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial: ultrasonography; Human;
Intraoperative Complications: diagnosis; Intraoperative Complications: therapy;
Monitoring, Intraoperative; Neurosurgical Procedures; Plasma Substitutes;
Positive-Pressure Respiration; Posture: physiology; Ultrasonography, Doppler
RN: 0 (Plasma Substitutes)
UD: 20031114
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12818321
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TI: High dose weekly oral prednisone improves strength in boys with Duchenne
muscular dystrophy.
AU: Connolly, AM; Schierbecker, J; Renna, R; Florence, J
AF: Department of Neurology, Saint Louis Children's Hospital, Washington
University School of Medicine, Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO
63110, USA. connolly@kids.wustl.edu
SO: Neuromuscular disorders : NMD, 2002 Dec, 12(10):917-25
IS: 0960-8966
AB: Daily prednisone improves strength in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy,
but side effects are almost universal. We used a different dosing regimen of
prednisone to determine if benefit to boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
might be maintained with fewer side effects. Twice weekly oral prednisone was
given each Friday and Saturday (5mg/kg/dose). This total dose is twice as high
as the daily low dosage prednisone regimen (0.75 mg/kg/day). Twenty boys
(8.0+/-1.2 years) were treated. Historical control groups included 18 untreated
boys (6.1+/-1.6 years) and four boys (7.3+/-0.6 years) treated with daily
prednisone. Strength (using a hand-held manometer and grip meter) and timed
functional testing were measured. There was an improvement in upper extremity
strength for 95% of boys (n=20) at 6 months using quantitative strength testing.
Improvement in lower extremity strength occurred in all boys with antigravity
quadriceps strength (17/17). The improvement (P=0.001 for proximal upper
extremities; P=0.002 for grip; and P<0.0001 for proximal lower extremities) was
significant compared to untreated boys. Sixteen boys were treated continuously
for more than 12 months (22+/-1.5 months). Of these, 15 remained significantly
stronger than prior to treatment and 8/16 showed additional gains in strength
after six months of treatment. Six boys were on the weekly prednisolone 2 years
or longer without interruption. All six had upper and lower extremity strength
at follow-up that was as good or better than at baseline. Functional testing
improved in boys less than 8 years without contractures. Three boys without
antigravity quadriceps strength at the start of treatment lost the ability to
walk unassisted within 6 months. Eight other boys lost the ability to ambulate
unassisted between 12 and 24 months of treatment. In each, progressive
contractures developed. Linear growth was maintained in all boys on weekly
treatment. Obesity rates did not differ from untreated boys. Twice weekly
prednisone improved strength over 6-12 months in the majority of boys, but did
not slow contracture development. Sustained benefit beyond 12 months is possible
with fewer side effects compared to daily prednisone.
LA: English
PY: 2002
PT: Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
CP: England
DE: Administration, Oral; Anti-Inflammatory Agents: administration & dosage;
Anti-Inflammatory Agents: adverse effects; Anti-Inflammatory Agents: therapeutic
use; Child; Child, Preschool; Comparative Study; Drug Administration Schedule;
Hand Strength: physiology; Human; Longitudinal Studies; Lower Extremity:
physiopathology; Male; Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne: drug therapy; Muscular
Dystrophy, Duchenne: physiopathology; Obesity: complications; Obesity: drug
therapy; Obesity: physiopathology; Prednisone: administration & dosage;
Prednisone: adverse effects; Prednisone: therapeutic use; Time Factors;
Treatment Outcome; Upper Extremity: physiopathology; Weights and Measures
RN: 0 (Anti-Inflammatory Agents); 53-03-2 (Prednisone)
LR: 20031114
UD: 20031114
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12467746
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TI: Spontaneous activity in premature infants affects bone strength.
AU: Eliakim, A; Nemet, D; Friedland, O; Dolfin, T; Regev, RH
AF: Department of Pediatrics, Meir Hospital, Kfar Saba, Sackler School of
Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
SO: Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal
Association, 2002 Dec, 22(8):650-2
IS: 0743-8346
AB: OBJECTIVE: Determination of bone strength of lower extremities in very low
birth weight (VLBW) premature infants with central nervous system pathology
resulting in reduced unilateral spontaneous leg movements. STUDY DESIGN:
Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements of speed of sound (SOS) of the tibiae
of both legs in three VLBW premature infants with brain insult and unilateral
reduced spontaneous activity. Results were compared to QUS measurements of both
legs in healthy premature infants. Measurements were performed by the same
investigator who was blinded to the clinical course of the participants.
RESULTS: Reduced spontaneous activity of one leg due to brain pathology resulted
in decreased tibial SOS in the affected side. There was no difference in bone
SOS between the legs of the healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous movements
(mainly antigravity flexion and extension) are important for bone structure and
mineralization in VLBW premature infants. QUS may become an important diagnostic
modality for the evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of bone strength and
osteopenia in this unique population.
LA: English
PY: 2002
PT: Case Reports; Journal Article
CP: United States
DE: Central Nervous System Diseases: pathology; Central Nervous System Diseases:
physiopathology; Central Nervous System Diseases: ultrasonography; Female;
Gestational Age; Human; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature: physiology; Infant,
Premature, Diseases: pathology; Infant, Premature, Diseases: physiopathology;
Infant, Premature, Diseases: ultrasonography; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight:
physiology; Leg: pathology; Leg: physiopathology; Leg: ultrasonography; Male;
Motor Activity: physiology; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index;
Tibia: pathology; Tibia: physiopathology; Tibia: ultrasonography
LR: 20031114
UD: 20031114
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12478448
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TI: Altered myosin isoform expression in rat skeletal muscles induced by a
changed thyroid state.
AU: Wahrmann, JP; Fulla, Y; Rieu, M; Kahn, A; Dinh-Xuan, AT
AF: IC U567 Unite de Recherches en Physiologie et Pathologie Genetiques et
Moleculaires de l'INSERM Universite ParisV, Paris, France.
SO: Acta physiologica Scandinavica, 2002 Nov, 176(3):233-43
IS: 0001-6772
AB: The aim of our study was to find out, which are the thyroid linked
mechanisms responsible for the changes in myosin isoform composition which
accompany endurance training (ET) in rodents. We studied the interaction between
ET and altered sedentary group with no thyroid treatment or Se group. Six groups
of rats were compared: (1) a trained group with no thyroid treatment or T group;
(2) a thyroid state in rats; (3) a sedentary group rendered hypothyroid with
6-n-propyl thio uracil (H); (4) a sedentary group rendered hyperthyroid with T3
(150 microg kg(-1) every other day for 4 weeks) (St); (5) trained rats rendered
hyperthyroid with T3 (150 microg kg(-1) every other day for 4 weeks) (Tt) and
(6) a trained group kept euthyroid with T3 (150 ng kg(-1) every other day for 4
weeks) (Te). In each group myosin isoform composition was determined in five
muscles, three locomotor muscles: (1) extensor digitorum longus, (2) superficial
lateral gastrocnemius, (3) deep medial gastrocnemius, (4) an antigravity muscle,
the soleus and (5) a rhytmic respiratory muscle, the crural diaphragm. Different
muscles responded in a specific way to variations of the thyroid state and training.
LA: English
PY: 2002
PT: Journal Article
CP: England
DE: Animals; Body Weight: physiology; Diaphragm: physiology; Electrophoresis,
Polyacrylamide Gel; Male; Muscle, Skeletal: physiology; Myosin Heavy Chains:
analysis; Myosin Light Chains: analysis; Myosins: physiology; Physical
Conditioning, Animal: physiology; Protein Isoforms: physiology; Rats; Rats,
Wistar; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Thyroid Gland: physiology; Thyronines: blood;
Thyrotropin: blood; Triiodothyronine: blood
RN: 0 (Myosin Heavy Chains); 0 (Myosin Light Chains); 0 (Protein Isoforms); 0
(Thyronines); 6893-02-3 (Triiodothyronine); 9002-71-5 (Thyrotropin); EC 3.6.1.4
(Myosins)
LR: 20031114
UD: 20031114
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12392503
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TI: Effects of standing and sitting on finger-tapping speed in healthy adults.
AU: Gabbard, C; Hart, S
AF: Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station
77843, USA. c-gabbard@tamu.edu
SO: The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 2002 Oct, 32(10):525-9
IS: 0190-6011
AB: STUDY DESIGN: A repeated-measures design was used to compare finger-tapping
performance (hand functional control) across 4 standing and sitting conditions
of limb body support postures. OBJECTIVES: The intent was to examine the
hypothesized hemispheric control interference effects of lower limb body support
postures on finger-tapping performance. A secondary objective was to gain a
better understanding of the relationship between lower limb posture and
concurrent finger-tapping activity. BACKGROUND: In a task such as kicking a ball
with the right foot, foot control theory suggests that the left hemisphere
contralaterally controls right-foot kicking action. However, it can also be
interpreted that the postural support (with the left foot in this example)
involving the action of antigravity muscles (leg extensors) is driven
ipsilaterally. Based on this explanation, we would expect a hemispheric effect
to occur during standing on the left limb while performing a finger-tapping task
with the right hand. This study has theoretical and clinical significance for
understanding hemispheric and functional control of limbs, which may underlie
the assessment of movement control and the development and use of therapeutic
interventions that can potentially improve functional movement control. METHODS
AND MEASURES: Ninety-eight (98) adult participants (ages 19 to 32 years)
performed a finger-tapping task in 4 postural conditions: seated, standing on
both feet, standing on the right foot only (RF), and standing on the left foot
only (LF). RESULTS: As predicted, manual performance was significantly slower in
the LF condition as compared to the standing and sitting positions. However,
when comparing performance between the LF and RF conditions, the difference was
minimal. CONCLUSIONS: Although support for the ipsilateral effect was not found,
postural position did influence manual performance.
LA: English
PY: 2002
PT: Journal Article
CP: United States
DE: Adult; Dominance, Cerebral: physiology; Female; Fingers: physiology; Human;
Laterality: physiology; Lower Extremity: physiology; Male; Movement: physiology;
Posture: physiology; Psychomotor Performance: physiology
UD: 20031114
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12403204
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TI: Total knee arthroplasty in limbs affected by poliomyelitis.
AU: Giori, NJ; Lewallen, DG
AF: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI 55905, USA.
SO: The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume, 2002 Jul,
84-A(7):1157-61
IS: 0021-9355
AB: BACKGROUND: Little information is available regarding the results and
complications of total knee arthroplasty in limbs affected by poliomyelitis with
severe knee degeneration. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart and
radiograph review of patients with a history of poliomyelitis involving a limb
that subsequently underwent primary total knee arthroplasty between 1970 and
2000. Sixteen total knee arthroplasties were performed in limbs affected by
poliomyelitis in fifteen patients. Eleven patients were followed for a minimum
of two years, one (two knees) died before the minimum two-year follow-up could
be completed, and three were followed for less than two years. No patient was
lost to follow-up. RESULTS: There were two periprosthetic fractures, one
peroneal nerve palsy, one avulsion of the patellar tendon, and four cases of
recurrent instability. These complications were related to the poor bone
quality, valgus deformity, patella baja, poor musculature, and attenuated soft
tissues commonly found in knees affected by poliomyelitis. Knee Society pain and
knee scores were improved postoperatively for all nine knees with a two-year
follow-up that had had at least antigravity quadriceps strength prior to
surgery. However, Knee Society function scores remained at 0 or worsened for six
of the eleven knees followed for at least two years, including those with less
than antigravity strength, and four of the nine knees with at least antigravity
strength. None of the prostheses loosened. CONCLUSIONS: Pain and knee scores
improved following total knee arthroplasty in patients with a history of
poliomyelitis and antigravity quadriceps strength, but there was less pain
relief in patients with less than antigravity quadriceps strength. Recurrence of
instability and progressive functional deterioration is possible in all knees
affected by poliomyelitis that have undergone total knee replacement, but they
appear to occur more commonly in more severely affected knees.
LA: English
PY: 2002
PT: Journal Article
CP: United States
DE: Aged; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee: adverse effects; Female; Follow-Up
Studies; Human; Joint Diseases: etiology; Joint Diseases: surgery; Knee Joint;
Male; Middle Aged; Poliomyelitis: complications; Postoperative Complications:
epidemiology; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index
LR: 20031114
UD: 20031114
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12107315
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TI: Regulation of the properties of rat hind limb muscles following
gravitational unloading.
AU: Ohira, M; Hanada, H; Kawano, F; Ishihara, A; Nonaka, I; Ohira, Y
AF: School of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043
Japan. ohira@space.hss.osaka-u.ac.jp
SO: Japanese journal of physiology, 2002 Jun, 52(3):235-45
IS: 0021-521X
AB: The mechanisms responsible for the morphological and metabolic adaptation of
skeletal muscles to the removal of antigravity activity were investigated in
rats. Significant atrophy relative to the levels before suspension was induced
in ankle plantarflexsors, may be due to a reduced tension production caused by
decreased muscle length and electromyogram activity. Growth failure was
significant in ankle dorsiflexors, although these muscles did not atrophy.
Forced muscle contraction through electrical stimulation at 1 or 100 Hz during
hind limb suspension generally had detrimental effects. The percent contribution
of water loss to the suspension-related change in weight was 85, 88, and 93% in
soleus, plantaris, and extensor digitorum longus, respectively. The total levels
of both beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (HAD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
were less in the suspended muscles than in the controls, having high positive
correlations with the total protein content. The specific activity of HAD, but
not of LDH, of the suspended muscles was lower than in the controls (25-61%).
These data suggest that the cause of muscle atrophy and changes in metabolic
properties may be a decreased tension development, not necessarily the reduction
of electrical or contractile activity. Further, it is clearly suggested that
electrical stimulation of a muscle group with different composition of fiber
phenotype at a certain pattern or frequency is not suitable for the
countermeasure. It is also suggested that the major cause of the decreased
muscle weight was loss of water, even though protein content was also lowered
after suspension. Moreover, the data suggest that the HAD level was affected
more than the total protein content and LDH.
LA: English
PY: 2002
PT: Journal Article
CP: Japan
DE: 3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases: metabolism; Animals; Body Water:
metabolism; Body Weight; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Hindlimb;
Hindlimb Suspension; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase: metabolism; Male; Muscle
Contraction: physiology; Muscle Proteins: metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal: anatomy
& histology; Muscle, Skeletal: physiology; Organ Weight; Rats; Rats, Wistar;
Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
RN: 0 (Muscle Proteins); EC 1.1.1.27 (L-Lactate Dehydrogenase); EC 1.1.1.35
(3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases)
LR: 20031114
UD: 20031114
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12230800
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TI: Imagining stumbling inhibits motor-evoked potentials in the soleus muscle.
AU: Hiraoka, K
AF: Department of Physical Education and Welfare, Okayama Prefectural
University-Junior College, 111 Kuboki, Sojya, Okayama 719-1197, Japan.
hiraoka@ojc.oka-pu.ac.jp
SO: The International journal of neuroscience, 2002 Jun, 112(6):613-22
IS: 0020-7454
AB: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cortical influences on the
soleus and tibialis anterior muscles while the subject imagined stumbling. While
standing, 7 healthy subjects imagined the following situations: stumbling by
either the right or left leg stepping into an obstacle during walking, or a
sudden backward sway of the body while in stance. Motor-evoked potentials (MEPs)
in the soleus muscle and in the tibialis anterior muscle, along with soleus
H-reflexes, were recorded from the left lower extremity. MEP amplitudes in the
soleus muscle significantly decreased during the imagined stumbling. In
contrast, there was no significant change in the MEP amplitudes in the tibialis
anterior muscle or in the soleus H-reflex amplitudes. These results indicate
that imagining stumbling modulates the cortical influence to the soleus muscle.
The modulation may be related to cortical inhibition of the tonic muscle in
order for voluntary movement to overcome antigravity postural mechanisms.
LA: English
PY: 2002
PT: Journal Article
CP: United States
DE: Adolescent; Adult; Electromagnetics: instrumentation; Evoked Potentials,
Motor: physiology; Female; Gait Disorders, Neurologic; H-Reflex: physiology;
Human; Imagination; Male; Muscle, Skeletal: physiology; Neural Inhibition:
physiology; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
UD: 20031114
RO: National Library of Medicine
AN: 12325308
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TI: Reoperation for acute hemispheric stroke after carotid endarterectomy: is
there any value?
AU: Findlay, JM; Marchak, BE
AF: Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
mfindlay@cha.ab.ca
SO: Neurosurgery, 2002 Mar, 50(3):486-92; discussion 492-3
IS: 0148-396X
AB: OBJECTIVE: Because the clinical benefit of urgent investigation and carotid
re-repair for acute stroke complicating carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is
uncertain, the results of this approach were examined in a large series of
patients. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 700 CEAs, 24 patients (3.4%) had a
postoperative stroke. Thirteen of these 24 patients experienced major
hemispheric deficits (hemiplegia with or without aphasia, forced eye deviation,
and decreased consciousness) that prompted either immediate surgical
reexploration or cerebral angiography with reoperation on the basis of angiogram
results; these 13 patients are the subject of this report. Neurological
improvement was attributed to carotid reopening when affected muscle strength
increased to antigravity power within 6 hours of reoperation. RESULTS: Of the 13
patients with severe postoperative deficits, 5 (38%) had the deficits when they
awakened, 7 deficits occurred within 12 hours of surgery, and the only
intracerebral hemorrhage in this series occurred 8 days after surgery. Five
patients underwent urgent reoperation without angiography, and carotid
occlusions were found and repaired in two patients. In another patient, the
carotid was patent, and an intra-arterial injection of tissue plasminogen
activator (20 mg) was given. In the seven patients who underwent cerebral
angiography as the first step, two carotid occlusions and one residual stenosis
with thrombus were found and repaired on an urgent basis. Surgical reopening of
occluded arteries was followed by improvement in two of four patients, and early
improvement was noted in one patient with a stenosis correction as well as in
the patient who received intraoperative tissue plasminogen activator. Four
patients who underwent urgent reoperation did not demonstrate a benefit soon
after surgery. Two patients died, two were left with major deficits and five
with moderate deficits, and four patients eventually had good recovery at a
minimum of 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: In this series, approximately
one-half of hemispheric strokes complicating CEA had an underlying correctable
lesion (occlusion or stenosis), and these patients ty

umnaistica

Il prednisone quotidiano migliora la resistenza in ragazzi con la
distrofia muscolare di Duchenne, ma gli effetti secondari sono quasi
universali. Abbiamo usato un regime di dosaggio differente di
prednisone per determinare se il beneficio ai ragazzi con la distrofia
muscolare di Duchenne potesse essere effettuato con pochi effetti
secondari. Settimanalmente il prednisone orale è stato dato due volte
ogni venerdì e sabato (5mg/kg/dose). Questa dose totale è due volte
più alta del regime basso quotidiano del prednisone di dosaggio (0.75
mg/kg/day). Venti ragazzi (8.0+/-1.2 anni) sono stati curati. I gruppi
di controllo storici hanno incluso 18 ragazzi non trattati (6.1+/-1.6
anni) e quattro ragazzi (7.3+/-0.6 anni) curati con prednisone
quotidiano. La resistenza (per mezzo di un manometro e di un tester
tenuti in mano della presa) e la prova funzionale cronometrata sono
state misurate. Ci era un miglioramento nella resistenza dell'arto
superiore per 95% dei ragazzi (n=20) a 6 mesi usando la prova
quantitativa di resistenza. Il miglioramento nella resistenza più
bassa dell'estremità si è presentato in tutti i ragazzi con
resistenza antigravità del quadriceps (17/17). Il miglioramento
(P=0.001 per gli arti superiori prossimali; P=0.002 per la presa; e
P<0.0001 per le estremità più basse prossimali) era significativo
confrontato ai ragazzi non trattati. Sedici ragazzi sono stati curati
continuamente per più di 12 mesi (22+/-1.5 mesi). Di questi, 15
rimasti significativamente più forti di prima del trattamento e 8/16
hanno mostrato gli aumenti di supplementari la resistenza dopo sei
mesi del trattamento. Sei ragazzi erano sul prednisolone settimanale
di 2 anni o più lunghi senza interruzione. Tutti e sei le hanno avuti
resistenza superiore e più bassa dell'estremità all'aggiornamento
che era come buon o migliore di alla linea di base. La prova
funzionale ha migliorato in ragazzi più meno di 8 anni senza
contratture. Tre ragazzi senza resistenza antigravità del quadriceps
all'inizio del trattamento hanno perso l'abilità a camminano
unassisted entro 6 mesi. Altri otto ragazzi hanno perso unassisted
l'abilità a ambulate fra 12 e 24 mesi del trattamento. In ciascuno,
le contratture progressive si sono sviluppate. Lo sviluppo lineare è
stato effettuato in tutti i ragazzi sul trattamento settimanale. I
tassi di obesità non hanno differito da dai ragazzi non trattati. Il
prednisone settimanale ha migliorato due volte la resistenza oltre
6-12 mesi nella maggior parte dei ragazzi, ma non ha ritardato lo
sviluppo di contrattura. Il beneficio continuo oltre 12 mesi è
possibile con pochi effetti secondari confrontati a prednisone
quotidiano. LA: Inglese

Daily prednisone improves strength in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, but
side effects are almost universal. We used a different dosing regimen of
prednisone to determine if benefit to boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
might be maintained with fewer side effects. Twice weekly oral prednisone was
given each Friday and Saturday (5mg/kg/dose). This total dose is twice as high
as the daily low dosage prednisone regimen (0.75 mg/kg/day). Twenty boys
(8.0+/-1.2 years) were treated. Historical control groups included 18 untreated
boys (6.1+/-1.6 years) and four boys (7.3+/-0.6 years) treated with daily
prednisone. Strength (using a hand-held manometer and grip meter) and timed
functional testing were measured. There was an improvement in upper extremity
strength for 95% of boys (n=20) at 6 months using quantitative strength testing.
Improvement in lower extremity strength occurred in all boys with antigravity
quadriceps strength (17/17). The improvement (P=0.001 for proximal upper
extremities; P=0.002 for grip; and P<0.0001 for proximal lower extremities) was
significant compared to untreated boys. Sixteen boys were treated continuously
for more than 12 months (22+/-1.5 months). Of these, 15 remained significantly
stronger than prior to treatment and 8/16 showed additional gains in strength
after six months of treatment. Six boys were on the weekly prednisolone 2 years
or longer without interruption. All six had upper and lower extremity strength
at follow-up that was as good or better than at baseline. Functional testing
improved in boys less than 8 years without contractures. Three boys without
antigravity quadriceps strength at the start of treatment lost the ability to
walk unassisted within 6 months. Eight other boys lost the ability to ambulate
unassisted between 12 and 24 months of treatment. In each, progressive
contractures developed. Linear growth was maintained in all boys on weekly
treatment. Obesity rates did not differ from untreated boys. Twice weekly
prednisone improved strength over 6-12 months in the majority of boys, but did
not slow contracture development. Sustained benefit beyond 12 months is possible
with fewer side effects compared to daily prednisone.
LA: English
PY: 2002
PT: Clinical Trial; Journal Article; Randomized Controlled Trial
dott. Enrico Valbonesi 
http://www.antigravity.it

Italy
tel 0039  +329 41 67 403
tel 0039  +339 3251330
fax 0039  +2 70042 0059
or 0039   +6 233235337
U.S.A.mobil phone 001
6462476636
e.valbonesi@libero.it

acim 352 44 west street
new york ny 10036 USA

Afferent input-associated reduction of muscle activity in microgravity environment
AU: Kawano, F; Nomura, T; Ishihara, A; Nonaka, I; Ohira, Y*
AF: School of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka City, Osaka
560-0043, Japan, mailto:ohira@space.hss.osaka-u.ac.jp
SO: Neuroscience [Neuroscience]. Vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 1133-1138. 1 Nov 2002.
IS: 0306-4522
AB: Responses of electromyogram (EMG) of soleus, lateral portion of
gastrocnemius (LG) and tibialis anterior (TA), and both afferent and efferent
neurograms at the L sub(5) segmental level of the spinal cord, to altered
gravity levels created by the parabolic flight of a jet airplane were
investigated in adult rats. The EMG activity in antigravity soleus muscle
gradually increased when the gravity was elevated from 1-G to 1.5-G (+23%) and
2-G (+67%) during the ascending phase of parabolic flight. The activity
decreased similar to 72% from the 1-G level immediately when the rat was exposed
to microgravity. The EMG level was maintained low during the 20-s microgravity,
but it was restored immediately once the gravity level was increased to 1.5-G
and then 1-G during the descending and recovery phase. The EMG level of LG also
increased gradually when the gravity level was elevated and the level then
decreased when the rat was exposed to microgravity (P > 0.05). However, the
activity level during the 20-s microgravity was identical to that obtained at
1-G. The EMG level of TA even increased insignificantly in response to the
exposure to microgravity. The responses of afferent neurogram were similar to
those of soleus EMG, even though the magnitude of the reduction of integrated
neurogram level in response to microgravity exposure was small ( similar to 26%
vs. 1-G level) relative to that of soleus EMG. The level of efferent neurogram
was also decreased, but only similar to 9% vs. 1-G level, during the 20-s
microgravity. The data in the current study suggest that the afferent input is
closely associated with the gravity-dependent muscular activity.
LA: English
SL: English
PY: 2002
PT: Journal Article
DE: EMG; Skeletal muscle; Spinal cord; Microgravity
ID: hindlimbs; rats
CL: N3 11067 Clinical neurophysiology (EEGs, EMGs, EPs)
UD: 200307
AN: 5551053
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TI: Effects of hindlimb unloading on neuromuscular development of neonatal rats
AU: Huckstorf, BL; Slocum, GR; Bain, JLW; Reiser, PM; Sedlak, FR; Wong-Riley,
MTT; Riley, DA*
AF: Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of
Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI USA
SO: Developmental Brain Research [Dev. Brain Res.]. Vol. 119, no. 2, pp.
169-178. 7 Feb 2000.
IS: 0165-3806
PB: Elsevier
DO: 10.1016/S0165-3806(99)00167-4
AB: We hypothesized that hindlimb suspension unloading of 8-day-old neonatal
rats would disrupt the normal development of muscle fiber types and the motor
innervation of the antigravity (weightbearing) soleus muscles but not extensor
digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Five rats were suspended 4.5 h and returned 1.5
h to the dam for nursing on a 24 h cycle for 9 days. To control for isolation
from the dam, the remaining five littermates were removed on the same schedule
but not suspended. Another litter of 10 rats housed in the same room provided a
vivarium control. Fibers were typed by myofibrillar ATPase histochemistry and
immunostaining for embryonic, slow, fast IIA and fast IIB isomyosins. The
percentage of multiple innervation and the complexity of singly-innervated motor
terminal endings were assessed in silver/cholinesterase stained sections. Unique
to the soleus, unloading accelerated production of fast IIA myosin, delayed
expression of slow myosin and retarded increases in standardized muscle weight
and fiber size. Loss of multiple innervation was not delayed. However, fewer
than normal motor nerve endings achieved complexity. Suspended rats continued
unloaded hindlimb movements. These findings suggest that motor neurons resolve
multiple innervation through nerve impulse activity, whereas the postsynaptic
element (muscle fiber) controls endplate size, which regulates motor terminal
arborization. Unexpectedly, in the EDL of unloaded rats, transition from
embryonic to fast myosin expression was retarded. Suspension-related foot drop,
which stretches and chronically loads EDL, may have prevented fast fiber
differentiation. These results demonstrate that neuromuscular development of
both weightbearing and non-weightbearing muscles in rats is dependent upon and
modulated by hindlimb loading.
LA: English
SL: English
PY: 2000
PT: Journal Article
DE: Development; Skeletal muscle; Unloading; Adenosinetriphosphatase;
Neuromuscular junctions; Myosin
ID: rats
CL: N3 11012 Neuromuscular junction and synaptic transmission
UD: 200007
AN: 4687979
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TI: Attributes of Quiet Stance in the Chronic Spinal Cat
AU: Fung, J; Macpherson, JM
AF: Neurological Sciences Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University,
Portland, OR 97209, USA
SO: Journal of Neurophysiology [J. Neurophysiol.]. Vol. 82, no. 6, pp.
3056-3065. Dec 1999.
IS: 0022-3077
AB: Standing is a dynamic task that requires antigravity support of the body
mass and active regulation of the position of the body center of mass. This
study examined the extent to which the chronic spinal cat can maintain postural
orientation during stance and adapt to changes in stance distance (fore-hindpaw
separation). Intact cats adapt to changes in stance distance by maintaining a
constant horizontal orientation of the trunk and changing orientation of the
limbs, while keeping intralimb geometry constant and aligning the ground
reaction forces closely with the limb axes. Postural adaptation was compared in
four cats before and after spinalization at the T sub(6) level, in terms of the
forces exerted by each paw against the support, body geometry (kinematics) and
electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded from chronic, indwelling electrodes,
as well as the computed net torques in the fore and hindlimbs. Five fore-hindpaw
distances spanning the preferred distance were tested before spinalization, with
a total range of 20 cm from the shortest to the longest stance. After
spinalization, the cats were trained on a daily basis to stand on the force
platform, and all four cats were able to support their full body weight. Three
of the four cats could adapt to changes in stance distance, but the range was
smaller and biased toward the shorter distances. The fourth cat could stand only
at one stance distance, which was 8 cm shorter than the preferred distance
before spinalization. All cats shifted their center of pressure closer to the
forelimbs after spinalization, but the amount of shift could largely be
accounted for by the weight loss in the hindquarters. The three cats that could
adapt to changes in stance distance used a similar strategy as the intact cat by
constraining the trunk and changing orientation of the limb axes in close
relation with the forces exerted by each limb. However, different postures in
the fore- and hindlimbs were adopted, particularly at the scapula (more
extended) and pelvis (tipped more anteriorly). Other changes from control
included a redistribution of net extensor torque across the joints of the
forelimb and of the hindlimb. We concluded that the general form of body axis
orientation is relatively conserved in the spinal cat, suggesting that the
lumbosacral spinal circuitry includes rudimentary set points for hindlimb
geometry. Both mechanical and neural elements can contribute toward maintaining
body geometry through stiffness regulation and spinal reflexes.
LA: English
SL: English
PY: 1999
PT: Journal Article
DE: Balance; Posture; Spinal cord; Circuits; Orientation
ID: cats
CL: N3 11011 Motor systems and movement disorders
UD: 200006
AN: 4673081
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TI: Do Arm Postures Vary With the Speed of Reaching?
AU: Nishikawa, Kiisa C; Murray, ST; Flanders, M
AF: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff,
AZ 86011, USA
SO: Journal of Neurophysiology [J. Neurophysiol.]. Vol. 81, no. 5, pp.
2582-2586. May 1999.
IS: 0022-3077
AB: Do arm postures vary with the speed of reaching? For reaching movements in
one plane, the hand has been observed to follow a similar path regardless of
speed. Recent work on the control of more complex reaching movements raises the
question of whether a similar "speed invariance" also holds for the additional
degrees of freedom. Therefore we examined human arm movements involving initial
and final hand locations distributed throughout the three-dimensional (3D)
workspace of the arm. Despite this added complexity, arm kinematics (summarized
by the spatial orientation of the "plane of the arm" and the 3D curvature of the
hand path) changed very little for movements performed over a wide range of
speeds. If the total force (dynamic + quasistatic) had been optimized by the
control system (e.g., as in a minimization of the change in joint torques or the
change in muscular forces), the optimal solution would change with speed; slow
movements would reflect the minimal antigravity torques, whereas fast movements
would be more strongly influenced by dynamic factors. The speed-invariant
postures observed in this study are instead consistent with a hypothesized
optimization of only the dynamic forces.
LA: English
SL: English
PY: 1999
PT: Journal Article
DE: Arm; Posture
ID: movements; grasping; man
CL: N3 11064 Peripheral nervous system
UD: 199912
AN: 4575259
dott. Enrico Valbonesi 
http://www.antigravity.it

Italy
tel 0039  +329 41 67 403
tel 0039  +339 3251330
fax 0039  +2 70042 0059
or 0039   +6 233235337
U.S.A.mobil phone 001
6462476636
e.valbonesi@libero.it

umoristica

Ci sono due pomodorini che sottobraccio saltellano per strada cantando ad
alta voce:
-Siamo pomodorini, siamo pomodorini!
E sempre più forte:
-Siamo pomodorini, siamo pomodorini!
Ad ancora di più:
-Siamo pomodorini, siamo pomodorini!
Passano accanto ad una cacca, la guardano, e con un fare dispettoso urlano
ancora più forte:
-Siamo pomodorini, siamo pomodorini!
Quindi, la cacca si alza e comincia a saltellare anche lui e con tutta la
voce che ha urla:
-Sono un pomodorino, sono un pomodorino!
E i pomodorini più forte ancora:
-Siamo pomodorini, siamo pomodorini!
La cacca lo grida ancora più forte ed infine i pomodorini, inkazzatissimi,
dicono alla cacca:
-Ma la vuoi smettere? Noi siamo pomodorini! Non tu!
E la cacca:
-E perchè mai? Voi fino ad ora avete fatto gli stronzi, e io non posso fare
il pomodorino!
(Dr Zap)

COSE DIFFICILI DA DIRE QUANDO SEI UBRIACO
Indubbiamente
Innovativo
Preliminario
Proliferazione
Cinnamomo

COSE MOLTO DIFFICILI DA DIRE QUANDO SEI UBRIACO
Specificità
Costituzione Italiana
Disturbo passivo-aggressivo
Transustanziale Loquace

COSE ASSOLUTAMENTE IMPOSSIBILI DA DIRE QUANDO SEI UBRIACO
Grazie, ma non voglio fare sesso
No, per me basta alcolici
Mi dispiace, ma davvero tu non sei il mio tipo
Buona sera agente, non è una magnifica serata questa?
(Xander)

"Alicia, tesoro mio, purtroppo siamo rimasti in panne, forse è il
carburatore". "Ma se l'abbiamo ritirata appena ieri dal meccanico!".
"Amore, io credo che quello stronzo invece di aggiustarla l'ha
sabotata per vendicarsi che non gli hai dato la fica". "Ma scusa, io
non posso dare la fica all'idraulico, all'elettricista, al meccanico e
a tutti quelli che me la chiedono!". "Hai ragione, tesoro, ma il
meccanico è importante, capisci?". (nucnuc)