Un sistema di energia elettrica del radioisotopo sviluppato da colore marrone del Paul dell'inventore è un'innovazione scientifica nell'energia nucleare. La batteria utilizza l'energia emanata decadendo il materiale radioattivo, convertente la direttamente in corrente elettrica continua di CA. Diverso dei dispositivi di generazione nucleari convenzionali, la cellula di alimentazione non conta su un processo del prodotto chimico o di reazione nucleare e non produce i prodotti degli effluenti radioattivi. Hanno brunito la prima cellula di alimentazione del prototipo prodotta 100.000 volte più energia per il grammo di strontium-90 (la fonte di energia) che la batteria nucleare termica più potente tuttavia in atto. La batteria di Nucell ha reso 7500 watt per il grammo di strontium-90. Confronti questo ad un dispositivo avanzato recentemente sviluppato dal servizio degli Stati Uniti del programma di utilizzazione dei sottoprodotti di energia. La loro batteria nucleare termica avanzata ha prodotto 0,063 watt per il grammo di strontium-90... La chiave alla batteria di Nucell è scoperta marrone di un metodo per sfruttare l'energia magnetica emanata dall'alfa e dalle beta particelle inerenti in materiale nucleare. L'alfa e le beta particelle sono prodotte dal deperimento radioattivo di determinato materiale nucleare naturale ed artificiale (radionuclidi). Le cariche elettriche dell'alfa e di beta particelle sono state bloccate e convertito state in elettricità per le batterie nucleari esistenti, ma la quantità di alimentazione generata da tali batterie è stata molto piccola. L'alfa e le beta particelle inoltre possiedono l'energia cinetica dagli scontri successivi delle particelle con le molecole dell'aria o altre molecole. La massa della R & S delle batterie nucleari nel passato è stata interessata di questa energia termica quale è prontamente osservabile e misurabile. L'energia magnetica emanata dall'alfa e dalle beta particelle è parecchi ordini di grandezza più grandi dell'energia cinetica o dell'energia elettrica diretta prodotta da queste stesse particelle. Tuttavia, le miriadi dei campi magnetici molto piccoli che esistono ad alcun legame non possono essere riconosciute o misurate individualmente. Questa energia non è bloccata localmente in natura per produrre il calore o gli effetti meccanici, ma preferibilmente l'energia fuoriesce inosservato. Il colore marrone ha inventato un senso "organizza" questi campi magnetici in modo da le quantità elevate di energia al contrario impercettibile potrebbero essere sfruttate. Il peso dello strontium-90 ha usato generare 75 watt di alimentazione nel prototipo di Nucell è approssimativamente lo stesso come il peso di 2 millimetri di legare tagliasse l'estremità di piccola clip di carta. I formati proiettati della batteria di Nucell varieranno dal formato di una latta della minestra al formato di piccola latta dello spreco o del barilotto per un modello di 50 chilowatt. L'alfa e le beta particelle utilizzate nella batteria di Nucell hanno una capacità limitata di penetrare la materia; le particelle di alfa possono essere contenute da pezzo di carta; le beta particelle richiedono 0.03"di alluminio. La batteria di Nucell è alloggiata in un acciaio inossidabile, contenitore sotto vuoto spinto, rendentegli una fonte sicuro e impermeabile dell'alimentazione. Lettera da colore marrone del Paul (5 marzo 1987) (brano) Ricapitolando, l'alfa ed il decadimento beta sono particelle elettricamente caricate espulse dal nucleo alle velocità della vicino-luce. Tutta la particella caricata muoventesi rende un campo magnetico, in cui l'energia è memorizzata, che è trasportata con esso. L'assorbimento di questa particella caricata induce il campo magnetico a sprofondare e questo produce un emf. L'energia ha reso da questo crollo del campo è enorme ed è denominata l'alfa o il beta effetto voltaic. La batteria nucleare sonora è un circuito sonoro del serbatoio di LCR che oscilla alla relativa frequenza auto-sonora con energia contribuita dal beta effetto voltaic. L'energia contribuita al serbatoio, al di sopra delle perdite del circuito, deve essere rimossa con un'alta impedenza del trasformatore di Q abbinata al circuito. Il risultato è mezzi per convertire l'alfa e/o l'energia di decadimento beta direttamente ed efficientemente in elettricità, con una speranza di vita determinata dal periodo radioattivo del combustibile radioattivo usato... "spiegazione tecnica dell'invenzione delle cellule di alimentazione" (brano) ~ Utile Dei Combustibili Tutto il radioisotopo sotto forma d'un solido che emana l'alfa o le beta particelle può essere utilizzato nella nuova cellula di alimentazione. La prima cellula costruita (che ha fuso i componenti del legare) ha impiegato la fonte più potente conosciuta, radium-226, come la fonte di energia. Tuttavia, il radio 226 dà l'aumento con deperimento al prodotto derivato bismuth-214, che emana la radiazione gamma forte che richiede la protezione per sicurezza. Ciò aggiunge una pena del peso nelle applicazioni mobili. Radium-226 è un isotopo naturale che è formato molto lentamente dal deperimento di uranim-238. Radium-226 nell'equilibrio è presente a circa 1 grammo per 3 milione grammi di uranio nella crosta terrestre. Gli sprechi uranium del laminatoio sono una fonte prontamente disponibile di radium-226 in quantità molto abbondante. Gli sprechi uranium del laminatoio contengono molto più energia nel radium-226 che è rappresentato dall'energia di fissione derivata dall'uranio prodotto. Strontium-90 non emana radiazione gamma in modo da non rende necessario l'uso di cavo spesso che protegge per la sicurezza. Strontium-90 non esiste in natura, ma è uno dei parecchi prodotti degli effluenti radioattivi derivando dalla fissione nucleare. L'energia utilizzabile proveniente da strontium-90 eccede sostanzialmente l'energia derivata dalla fissione nucleare che ha provocato questo isotopo. I depositi attuali degli sprechi nucleari sono stati estratti una volta, i rifornimenti futuri di strontium-90 dipenderanno dalla quantità di elettricità nucleare generata. Quindi il deperimento strontium-90 può infine transformarsi in in un combustibile premium per tali usi speciali come per le sedie della rotella ed i calcolatori portatili perpetuo autoalimentati. I problemi più difficili nel controllo degli sprechi nucleari stanno maneggiando la quantità grande di calore generata dall'alfa e dai beta emettitori e stanno isolando l'alfa e la biosfera dei beta emmitters. Virtualmente tutti gli altri alfa e beta emettitori negli sprechi di fissione nucleare possono essere impiegati nelle nuove cellule di alimentazione. Quindi questi più non costituiscono gli sprechi ma hanno beni importanti diventati di energia. Notizie Internazionali Del Prodotto (Maggio/giugno Del 1990) "usi di multiplo visti per la batteria migliorata" Peripheral Systems Inc., una ditta differenziata di tecnologia basata a Portland O, ha cominciato a sviluppare un modello di produzione "di una batteria" nucleare estremamente compatta ed altamente efficiente --- realmente un generatore radioisotopico --- che potrebbe contribuire a rispondere all'esigenza dei militari di una fonte di energia duratura nelle posizioni a distanza. Diverso dei generatori radioattività-alimentati esistenti, la batteria nucleare sonora brevettata di Nucell (RNB) converte il materiale radioattivo decadente direttamente in elettricità senza in primo luogo convertirla in calore. Un prototipo circa il formato di una latta della minestra ha generato fino a 70 watt di alimentazione. Produzione di Nucell delle batterie, il formato della batteria della D-cellula e produrre un - cinque watt con una durata della vita di 3 - 5 anni. Ha potuto cominciare dall'estremità dell'anno, secondo colore marrone del Paul, il vice presidente della R & S e l'inventore del dispositivo. Le dinamo su scala ridotta hanno potuto essere utilizzate per alimentare i dispositivi ascoltare del underwater utilizzati nell'inseguimento del sommergibile e nella generazione dell'elettricità per i satelliti dedicati all'ordine, al controllo, alle comunicazioni ed all'intelligenza. Inoltre sarebbero ideali per altri tipi di doveri dello spazio, quali i satelliti dirilevamento ampiamente usati NASA e vari governi stranieri. Per i questi e le applicazioni simili, la batteria di Nucell sarà capace di fornire la energia elettrica continua per 5 - 10 anni. le batterie del Prodotto-tipo, con la loro durata della vita relativamente corta ed i generatori termoelettrici del radioisotopo meno efficiente (RTG) ora sono utilizzati in tali applicazioni. In queste batterie nucleari ordinarie, i nuclei dei radioisotopi usati normalmente (come plutonio) emettono la loro radiazione sotto forma di l'alfa o le beta particelle. Mentre le particelle volano dai nuclei, si arrestano in altri particelle e nuclei, generanti il calore nel processo. La maggior parte delle batterie nucleari sfruttano questo calore usando i materiali --- termocoppie --- che generano le correnti elettriche dalle differenze nella temperatura. Tali "generatori termoelettrici" sono certi, ma la loro efficienza lascia molto da volere. Il RTGs migliore in uso riesce a trasformare in soltanto circa 5% del calore disponibile elettricità. La loro uscita è solitamente di più meno di 100 watt --- abbastanza appena eccitare una lampadina. Il Nucell RNB, d'altra parte, è molto più efficiente perché sfrutta le particelle essi stessi, non il calore che si liberano di. "le prove indipendenti e periferico-patrocinate indicano che stiamo ottenendo più di l'efficienza di conversione di 25%", ad esempio il colore marrone. Una prima generazione delle batterie nucleari molto più grandi del Nucell è stata usata a bordo della nave spaziale dell'Apollo ed ha prodotto 70 watt di alimentazione dal calore emanato da più di 8 libbre di plutonio. Il colore marrone dice che il Nucell produce la stessa alimentazione usando sostanzialmente meno materiale radioattivo. "come combustibile potenziale per la batteria di Nucell, strontium-90, che è abbondantemente disponibile, fornirebbe le quantità enormi di energia utile mentre decadevano nello zirconio inoffensivo e non radioattivo", ad esempio il colore marrone. Raum & Zeit 1(5): 56-57 (1989/90) "Il Beta Meccanismo Di Conversione Di Energia Di Effetto Di Voltaic" da Paul M. Brown (18 gennaio 1990) Il beta effetto di Voltaic può essere definito semplicemente come la conversione di radiazione ionizzante ad energia elettrica tramite un materiale o una combinazione dei materiali. La radiazione che è assorbita nelle vicinanze di tutta la barriera potenziale, ad esempio una giunzione di PN, un contatto del metallo-semiconduttore o un campo elettrico genererà gli accoppiamenti separati del elettrone-foro che a loro volta entrano in un circuito elettrico dovuto l'effetto voltaic. Naturalmente, questo si presenta ad un grado di variazione nei materiali e nei geometries differenti. Una rappresentazione del fumetto di beta conversione voltaic di base è indicata nella figura 1. L'elettrodo A ha un potenziale positivo mentre l'elettrodo B è negativo con la differenza potenziale fornita da tutti i mezzi convenzionali. Un campo elettrico esiste fra gli elettrodi e denomineremo questa zona la giunzione. Figura 1 La giunzione fra i due elettrodi è contenuta un mezzo adeguatamente ionizzabile esposto alle particelle di deperimento emesse da una fonte radioattiva. Per spiegare il meccanismo di conversione di energia per questa disposizione, guarderemo il flusso di energia nelle fasi: Figure 2 Stage 1 ~ Before we introduce the radioactive source, we have a difference in potential between two electrodes provided by any means. An electric load RL is connected across the electrodes A and B. Although a potential difference exists, no current flows through the load RL because the electrical forces are in equilibrium and no energy comes out of the system. We shall call this the ground state Eo. Stage 2 ~ Next, we introduce the radioactive source, say a beta emitter, to the system. Now, the energy of the beat particle EB generates electron-hole pairs in the junction by imparting kinetic energy to the generated ions through collisions. Energy is required to strip an electron from a neutral atom. We shall call this amount of energy the ionization potential of the junction E1. So a small portion of the beta particle's energy EB goes to generate ions firstly. Stage 3 ~ Secondly, the beta particle imparts an amount of energy in excess of the ionization potential. This additional energy raises the electron energy to an elevated level E2. Of course the beta particle does not impart its energy to a single ion pair, but rather a single beta particle will generate many thousands of electron-hole pairs. The total number of ions per unit volume of the junction is dependent upon the junction material. Stage 4 ~ Next, the electric field present in the junction acts on the ions and drives the electrons into electrode A. the electrodes collected in electrode A together with the electron deficiency of electrode B establishes a Fermi Voltage between the electrodes. Naturally, the electrons in electrode A seek to give up their energy and go back to their ground state (Law of Entropy). Stage 5 ~ The Fermi Voltage drives electrons from the electrode A through the load where they give up their energy in accordance with conventional electrical theory. A voltage drop occurs across the load as the electrons give up an amount of energy E3. Then the amount of energy available to be removed from the system is: E3 = EB - E1 - L1 - L2 Where L1 is the converter losses and L2 is the losses in the electrical circuit. Stage 6 ~ The electrons, after passing through the load have an amount of energy E4. From the load, the electron is then driven into the electrode B where it is allowed to recombine with a junction ion, releasing the recombination energy E4 in the form of heat. This completes the circuit and the electron has returned to its original ground state. The end result is that the potential difference provides no net input; it only provides a constant voltage, while the radioactive source acts as a constant current generator. The ground state E0 is a constant and the energy out E3 is equal to the energy in less the ionization energy E1 and the losses, L1 and L2. Then the energy balance is: E0 = EB - E1 - E3 - L1 -L2 This suggests that the junction has as low an ionization potential as possible. The end result is that the potential difference provides no net input; it only provides a constant voltage, while the radioactive source acts as a constant current generator. The ground state E0 is a constant and the energy out E3 is equal to the energy in less the ionization energy E1 and the losses, L1 and L2. Then the energy balance is: E0 = EB - E1 - E3 - L1 -L2 This suggests that the junction has as low an ionization potential as possible. In conclusion, it can be shown that the introduction of ions from any source into an electric field will generate electricity in accordance with well known physical and chemical principles and may be satisfactorily explained in terms commonly used in describing a Voltaic cell The energy does not come from the ions themselves, but rather from the work done to generate ions. Neither the electric field, the electrode or the medium between the electrodes contribute any energy in the Voltaic Effect. The energy is contributed by the ion generator; whether this mechanism is chemical, electromagnetic or nuclear is irrelevant. References ~ (1) Brown, Paul: "Resonant Nuclear Battery Supply", Raum & Zeit, 1(3) (August-September, 1989). (2) American Nuclear Society 1989 Winter Meeting, San Francisco, CA, November 26-20, 1989; "Resonant Nuclear battery?" "Current Status & Future Research with Resonant Nuclear Batteries" by Paul M. Brown Paper presented at the 26th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (Boston, MA, August 4-9, 1991) [Graphics not available] Abstract ~ Nucell, Inc., a subsidiary of Peripheral Systems, Inc., is developing alternative energy technologies for generating electrical power by employing radioisotopes as the prime power source. A phenomenon known as the "Beta Voltaic Effect" is used to directly convert radioactive decay energy into electricity without going through a thermal cycle. The great attraction of isotopic power supplies is that radioactive decay energy is several orders of magnitude greater than chemical energy. Work Description ~ Simply put, a resonant nuclear generator is an AC beta voltaic isotope electric generator. The energy conversion mechanism is the same as in DC secondary emission isotope electric cells; namely, ions, generated by the absorption of alpha or beta decay, in the region of an electric field potential results in charge separation with an accumulation of electrons at an elevated Fermi potential and these electrons, in turn, give up their energy through an external circuit and load in a conventional manner (See Figure 1) The efficiency limitations of the DC secondary emission cell, such as polarization and space charge effects, may be overcome by suitable application of an alternating electric field. To limit the system losses to only the ohmic heating inherent to the device is must be tuned to resonance. That is to say, the capacitive resistance must just counteract the inductive reactance bringing the power factor to unity. Many design variations (Figure 2) are available while maintaining the general spirit of resonant nuclear generators. An oscillation transformer is necessary for the transfer of energy from the primary tank to an output circuit and load. Also required are an inductance, the tuning capacitor and a means for introducing the decay energy into a region provided with an ionizable medium and a potential gradient. Some form of regenerative or positive feedback is usually required but not absolutely necessary. Also, these components do not physically have to be separate. I prefer to use an open-ended flux-composite oscillation transformer (Figure 3) due to its low damping characteristics, high quality factor, and good transformer efficiency. This transformer actually consists of a central powdered iron core wound with a primary winding, encircled by 8 other powdered iron cores, each with a primary and secondary winding. The primary of this transformer is also the primary inductance for the tank circuit. Figure 4 shows the magnetic flux path of this composite transformer. In one design, a custom capacitor is assembled utilizing an isotope such as tritium, krypton-85 or strontium-90 deposited in the dielectric or semiconductor material. Design parameters for optimum performance are still being pursued. Once assembled and properly tuned, the device requires an electrical impulse to initiate the oscillation in the tank circuit. We have utilized two methods for this purpose (Figure 5): the first is simply a capacitive discharge device where an external capacitor is charged by an external source and discharged into the secondary (the output circuit) while the second method (Figure 6) utilizes a Class C amplifier with a charging source attached to the high side of the primary capacitor and the Class C amp is used to discharge the primary capacitor to ground at a rate equal to the fundamental frequency of the device. Figure 7 is the actual schematic of one successful design. Note the resemblance to a cold cathode oscillator, as this device also operates in a vacuum. Figure 8 is the component layout for the vacuum cell. Figure 5/6 Figure 9 is another promising design which utilizes the custom capacitor I mentioned earlier, along with the composite transformer. The feedback coil is actually wound directly on the composite transformer exterior. Experiments have shown that conversion efficiencies on the order of 50% are achievable. This technology promises low weight, long life, compact, solid state isotopic power supplies. However, material degradation, frequency stability and reliable performance remain as our primary deficiencies. Nucell has focused its research since 1985 on the development of this resonant nuclear technology. Although recently we have turned our attention to product development of DC contact potential isotope electric generators in the range of 10 to 5000 milliwatts with a working life of 10 years. Patents are currently pending on this technology; consequently I am not yet at liberty to disclose many details, but we expect to be production-ready on these devices this year. Once we have completed the development phase for the contact potential cells, we shall resume our nuclear resonant research program in an aggressive manner utilizing new information gained from our current efforts. Material preparation techniques, geometric configuration and design alternatives will be our principal interest. Resonant Nuclear Battery May Aid In Mitigating The Greenhouse Effect by Paul M. Brown (Presentation to the American Nuclear Society, November 17, 1989) A new process for the direct conversion of radioactive decay energy directly into electricity of usable form is currently being developed by peripheral Systems, Inc. United States Patent # 4,835,433 was issued May 30, 1989 to protect this Resonant Nuclear Power Supply. When developed, this system promises cheap, reliable power from a package small and light enough to be mobile with an energy density great enough for use as a space-based power supply. One of the potential domestic applications could be to power electric automobiles. Such use in highly populated areas would have a tremendous beneficial effect on the ecology. We call the device a Nuclear Powered Oscillator and several variations of the device have been built and tested (Figure 1). Basically, the device is an LCR tank circuit oscillating at its self-resonant frequency. The oscillator is driven by radioisotope decay energy utilizing a phenomenon known as the Beta Voltaic Effect. Energy in excess of the oscillator's requirements is delivered to a load through an impedance matched transformer. Figure 1 Consider a charged particle with a radius a, carrying a charge of electricity e, first at rest and then moving with velocity v. The stationary charged particle has an electrostatic field with lines of force directed radially outwards (Figure 2A); in consequence of its motion the moving charged particle has, in addition, a magnetic field with circular lines of force around the axis of motion, which is carried with it (Figure 2B), all in accordance with the Laws of Maxwell. Figure 2A/2B The presence of a magnetic field around the moving body implies that magnetic energy is stored up in the medium surrounding it. In a magnetic field of strength H the magnetic energy stored up in a unit of volume of the medium of unit permeability is given by H2/8pi. Integrating the value of this expression over the region exterior to a sphere of radius a, the total magnetic energy due to the motion of the charged body is given by: E2v2/3a Figure 3 This means that the moving charged particle has an amount of energy equal to its kinetic energy plus the energy of the magnetic field. The absorption of the charged particle is such that the velocity goes to zero causing the magnetic field to collapse. This in turn produces an emf which may be utilized by means of induction. The entire process is the reverse of a particle accelerator. In a particle accelerator, a great deal of energy is pumped into a slow moving charge to accelerate it to high velocities and a portion of this energy goes to increase the magnetic field strength. However, our device is a particle decelerator, utilizing high speed particles emitted from natural radioactive decay which we bring to a stop, releasing the stored energy. With this in mind, the Nuclear Powered Oscillator is more precisely an oscillating particle decelerator. Devices for converting natural radioactive decay directly into electricity are nothing new. The Beta Cell was first demonstrated by Mosely in 1913 (Ref. 1) and over the years many types and methods have been developed (Ref. 2). This technology has been made possible due to the electrical nature of alpha and beta disintegrations. Figure 4 Figure 5 The simplest form of nuclear battery is the Burke Cell (US Patent # 3,939,366, Ref. 4). This method consists of a conventional battery and a conventional load connected by means of a radioactive conductor. If we inspect this arrangement we find that all of the power dissipated in the load is not drawn from the battery. And upon closer examination we find that a current amplification occurs within the radioactive conductor (Ref. 3). Figure 6 This phenomenon is known as the Beta Voltaic Effect, and it may be explained by referring to Figure 6. For the simple case of this example, we will set the radioactive source (any alpha or beta emitter) external and separate from a silver wire. Now the battery from Figure 5 provides an electromotive force (emf) across the wire and consequently, conduction electrons within the wire are set in uniform motion. By definition, electricity is measured in terms of the number of charged particles (electrons) moving past a point in a unit of time and we call this amperes. The process by which a beta p[article is absorbed, is such that the beta particle collides with the molecular structure of the copper, knocking electrons free. This electron avalanche occurs until the beta particle (electron) effectively comes to rest. A single beta particle emitted from strontium-90 that is absorbed in copper will generate 80,000 ions in a distance of 0.030 inches. Now, as soon as these electrons are knocked loose, they effectively become free electrons in the wire, and as such these additional electrons are acted upon by the emf applied across the wire to give the avalanche electrons a uniform direction of flow, regardless of their incident angle. This increase in the number of moving charged carriers is measured in the real world as increased current. We also measure a reduction in the resistance of the wire (Ref. 6), an increase in its conductivity (Ref. 7), while the current is directly proportional to the voltage (Ref. 8). In other words, the current goes up with an increase in voltage (Ref. 5). This is basically attributed to the increased emf acting on a greater number of avalanche electrons. Additionally, flux cutting also occurs as the beta particle approaches the current carrying wire which yields an emf to help drive electrons (Ref. 9). Figure 7 Now we will look at how we apply this phenomenon to our device. Figure 7 depicts a basic LC tank circuit comprised of an inductor and a capacitor. Theoretically, if this LC circuit were superconductive, then an externally applied electric impulse would yield an LC oscillation that would continue to oscillate forever due to no losses in the system. However, our LC circuit is not superconductive, and the oscillation damps out due to the losses inherent to the LC tank. To minimize these inherent losses, we tune the circuit into resonance at the self-resonant frequency of the inductor. This causes the inductive and capacitive reactances to cancel, leaving only ohmic losses (resistance). Figure 8 If we apply a radioactive source as part of the LC tank, then through every cycle of the oscillation of which current is flowing, that current gets amplified by an amount proportional to the activity of the source. All we need is an input of an amount of energy equal to the system losses to achieve a sustained oscillation. At this point, we have a self-driven oscillator that we call a Nuclear Powered Oscillator. Figure 9 Any energy contributed to this oscillating LC tank must be removed and we accomplish this by simply impedance-matching a transformer which yields high-frequency AC current to drive a load. In a nutshell, that is the principle of operation for the Resonant Nuclear Power Supply: an LC tank circuit oscillating at its self-resonant frequency, driven by natural radioactive decay energy. Energy in excess of the operational requirements is removed through a transformer to yield electrical energy in usable form to drive a load. Figure 10 Figure 10 depicts the starting method which involves the use of a high voltage source to charge the capacitor of the tank circuit, which is then discharged to ground through a Class C amplifier at a rate equal to the resonant frequency of the tank circuit. A spectrum analyzer is used to monitor the activity within the tank and once a clean oscillation is started, the high voltage power supply and Class C amplifier are removed, a process that takes a few seconds. Then the power removed from the tank circuit is determined by measuring the voltage drop across a resistor of known value and double-checked by directly measuring the current delivered to the load. In 1985, a feasibility study was performed including a search of the published literature. This revealed a significant amount of supportive data. Experiments followed on the effects of alpha and beta radiation absorbed in a current-carrying inductor. The results demonstrated (1) a reduction in the resistance of the coil, (2) an increase of the quality factor (Q) of the circuit, and (3) an increased conductivity of the inductor. A proof of feasibility prototype was built in early 1987, which yielded 75 watts of power. Although the device generated electricity, it also demonstrated a frequency stability problem and showed signs of material degradation. In mid-1988 a co-development venture was initiated with Atomic Energy of Canada's Radiochemical Company for the purpose of exploring source configuration possibilities in regard to performance and safety parameters. Our efforts in 1989 primarily centered around optimization of the oscillator, which must be of a design with a high Q, tight coupling, and low loss. The next 12 slides depict the assembly of the feasibility prototype. Here (Figure 11) we see the strontium-90 foil in the form of an annular cylinder on the right. In the center we see the drum which the foil is to be mounted on, and the cups on the left fit over the ends to hold the coil in place (Figure 12). Figure 11 Figure 12 Now, the foil is placed on the drum (Figure 13) and the drum with foil is placed in one of the cups (Figure 14) and then the second cup is held in place by a screw (Figure 15). Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Next, the source assembly is mounted at the end of a kovar rod electrically insulated from the end housing plate (Figure 16). Here we see the components wired and ready for assembly (Figure 17). Figure 16 Figure 17 A beryllium-copper foil is mounted on a kovar rod electrically insulated from the other end plate that on assembly is located about the source to slow the primary beta particles and to emit secondary electrons (Figure 18). Figure 18 Next, the two-layer bare silver ribbon inductor is places about the beryllium-copper to collect the primary beat on the secondary electrons. This is necessary to collect the charges in the high-voltage, high-frequency skin-effect region of the conductor (Figure 19). Figure 19 Now the composite transformer is placed about the silver inductor which is wired in series with the transformer primary. The transformer is an open-ended flux design of low-damping, high-Q properties, i.e., an oscillation transformer (Figure 20). Figure 20 Then, with a bit of vacuum grease and an O-ring, the central body is placed over the assembly (Figure 21). Figure 21 And again, with an O-ring, the other end plate is slid into place (Figure 22). Nuts and bolts keep the assembly together, which is then purged with an inert gas and put on a vacuum pump. We then sweep the spectrum to find the self-resonant frequency and choose an appropriate capacitor to tune the circuit (Figure 23) Figure 22 Figure 23 This is the actual wiring of the feasibility prototype which operated for a period of time up to 3 weeks. Some technical problems remain to be solved, like frequency stability and power regulation, while the first commercial application is probably 3 to 5 years away. However, we are continuing the development of the project with increasing support and assistance from both the academic community and the professional commercial community. Clean air is now a national priority mandating electric vehicle development for use in highly populated areas. By employing suitable radioisotopes, this technology potentially offers a safe, economical alternative to fossil fuel and its related problems. [References not available] US Patent # 4,835,433 Apparatus for Direct Conversion of Radioactive Decay Energy to Electrical Energy (May 30, 1989) Paul M. Brown Abstract ~ A nuclear battery in which the energy imparted to radioactive decay products during the spontaneous disintegrations of radioactive material is utilized to sustain and amplify the oscillations in a high-Q LC tank circuit is provided. The circuit inductance comprises a coil wound on a core composed of radioactive nuclides connected in series with the primary winding of a power transformer. The core is fabricated from a mixture of three radioactive materials which decay primarily by alpha emission and provides a greater flux of radioactive decay products than the equivalent amount of a single radioactive nuclide. Inventors: Brown; Paul M. (Boise, ID) Assignee: Nucell, Inc. (Portland, OR) Appl. No.: 153070 Filed: February 8, 1988 Current U.S. Class: 310/305; 136/202; 376/320; 976/DIG412 Intern'l Class: G21H 001/00 Field of Search: 376/320,321 310/301,304,305 136/202 References Cited ~ U.S. Patent Documents: 2,548,225, Apr., 1951, Linder (310/304) 2,712,097, Jun., 1955, Auwarter (310/305) 2,739,283, Mar., 1956, Roehrig (310/301) 3,290,522, Dec., 1966, Ginell (310/305) 3,409,820, Nov., 1968, Burke (310/305) 3,530,316, Sep., 1970, Burke (310/301) 3,562,613, Feb., 1971, Adler (310/304) 3,939,366, Feb., 1976, Ato, et al. (310/301) 3,944,438, Mar., 1976, Hursen, et al. (136/202) 4,489,269, Dec., 1984, Edling, et al. (376/320) Primary Examiner: Kyle; Deborah L.; Assistant Examiner: Wasil; Daniel Attorney, Agent or Firm: Murray; Leslie G. This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/855,607, filed Apr. 23, 1986, now abandoned. Description ~ Background of the Invention ~ The present invention relates generally to apparatus for the direct conversion of the energy of radioactive decay products to electrical energy and, more particularly, to the utilization of an alpha source to sustain and amplify oscillations in an LC oscillator circuit. A growing need exists today for small, compact, reliable, lightweight and self-contained rugged power supplies to provide electrical power in such applications as electric automobiles, homes, industrial, agricultural, recreational, remote monitoring systems and satellites. The majority of today's satellites are powered by solar cells and conventional chemical batteries and require only a small amount of power to operate. Radar, advanced communications satellites and, especially, high-technology weapons platforms will require much larger power sources than today's space power systems can deliver. For the very high power applications, nuclear reactors appear to be the answer. However, for the intermediate power range, 10 to 100 kilowatts (kw), the nuclear reactor presents formidable technical problems. Given today's efficiencies, it would require many acres of solar panels to provide 100 kw. Similarly, enough chemical fuel to provide 100 kw for any significant period of time would be too heavy and bulky for practical use. Heretofore, there have been known several methods for conversion of radioactive energy released during the decay of natural radioactive elements into electrical energy. A grapefruit-sized radioisotope thermo-electric generator that utilized the heat produced from alpha particles emitted as plutonium-238 decays was developed during the early 1950's. However, the power output was limited to a few hundred watts. Other methods converting the energy of radioactive decay directly into electrical energy are disclosed in US Patent # 3,290,522, # 3,409,820, and # 3,939,366. US Patent # 3,290,522 entitled "Nuclear Emission Electrical Generator" issued to Robert Ginell on Dec. 6, 1966, discloses apparatus which provides electrical power by modulating the density of a cloud of charged particles confined within an enclosed space by a magnetic field. A radioactive material is positioned at the center of an enclosing hollow sphere having its inner surface coated with silver. The sphere is centrally positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet. The variation in the density of the cloud of charged particles causes a variation in the magnetic field created by the cloud. This variation in the magnetic field cuts an electrically conductive means to create an electrical potential and current therein. The density of the cloud of charged particles may be varied by applying a periodically varying electrostatic or electromagnetic field to the confined cloud of charged particles. The electrical energy is derived from the kinetic energy imparted to the charged particles (decay products) on the occurrence of a spontaneous disintegration event during the decay of the radioactive material. However, with this system, the conversion efficiency is very low and the amount of electrical power provided too small for most applications. US Patent # 3,409,820 entitled "Electric Power Apparatus" issued to James O. Burke on Nov. 5, 1968, discloses an amplification of an electric current by the conduction of electric current through a radioactive material. While providing some current amplification, the system requires an external power source, such as a conventional battery, and thus, cannot provide sufficient power for most applications. US Patent # 3,939,366 entitled "Method of Converting Radioactive Energy to Electric Energy and Device for Performing the Same" issued to Yasuro Ato, et al., on Feb. 17, 1976, discloses an apparatus in which radioactive energy is converted to electric energy by irradiating a semiconductor material with radioactive decay products to produce a number of electron-hole pairs in the material. A magnetic field is applied across the semiconductor material in a direction perpendicular to the direction of diffusion of the electron-hole pairs and to the direction of the applied magnetic field thus collecting the electrons and the holes at electrodes provided on the respective end faces of the semiconductor material to produce an electric potential across the semiconductor material. While the conversion efficiency of the system disclosed by Ato, et al., is considerably higher than that disclosed by either Burke or Ginell, the power output of the system is not great enough for applications such as electric automobiles or satellites. Summary of the Invention ~ The primary object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for the direct conversion of the energy of radioactive decay to electric energy. Another object is to provide an electric power source which is small, compact, reliable, lightweight, self-contained and rugged and therefore adaptable for use in automobiles, homes, industrial, agricultural and recreational applications and satellites. Still another object is to provide an electric power source capable of providing large amounts of power for long periods of time with little or no maintenance or refueling required. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a nuclear battery in which the energy imparted to radioactive decay products during the spontaneous disintegrations of radioactive material is utilized to sustain and amplify the oscillations in a high-Q LC tank circuit is provided. The inductance in the tank circuit comprises the primary of a power transformer and is wound about a core composed of a mixture of radioactive materials. A mixture of radioactive materials produces a greater flux of radioactive decay products than the use of a single radioactive material by itself produces thereby providing the necessary flux for large power output from a small core volume. Use of long-lived isotopes, such as radium, ensures that the nuclear battery will have a constant output for at least ten years. Brief Description of the Drawings ~ Other and further objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of an LC equivalent resonant circuit according to the principles of the present invention; Figure 2 is a wiring diagram of a nuclear battery constructed according to the principles of the present invention; Figure 3 is a plan view of the top of the radioactive core of the nuclear battery shown in Figure 2. Figure 4 is a plan view of the top of the nuclear battery shown in Figure 2; and Figure 5 is a side view taken along the line A--A of the nuclear battery shown in Figure 3. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment ~ Referring now to Figure 1, an equivalent electrical circuit of a nuclear battery constructed according to the principles of the present invention is shown. An LCR circuit 1 is comprised of a capacitor 3, inductor 5, transformer T primary winding 9 and resistance 11 connected in series. It is assumed that the electrical conductors connecting the various circuit elements and forming the inductor 5 and primary winding 9 are perfect conductors; i.e., no DC resistance. Resistor 11 is a lump resistance equivalent to the total DC resistance of the actual circuit components and conductors. The inductor 5 is wound on a core 7 which is composed of a mixture of radioactive elements decaying primarily by alpha particle emission. When current flows in an electrical circuit energy is dissipated or lost in the form of heat. Thus, when oscillations are induced in an LCR circuit, the oscillations will gradually damp out due to the loss of energy in the circuit unless energy is continuously added to the circuit to sustain the oscillations. In the LCR circuit shown in Figure 1, a portion of the energy imparted to the decay products, such as alpha particles, during the radioactive decay of the materials making up inductor core 7 is introduced into the circuit 1 when the decay products are absorbed by the conductor which forms inductor 5. Once oscillations have been induced in the LCR circuit 1, the energy absorbed by inductor 5 from the radioactive decay of the core 7 materials will sustain the oscillations as long as the amount of energy absorbed is equal to the amount of energy dissipated in the ohmic resistance of the circuit 1. If the absorbed is greater than the amount of energy lost through ohmic heating, the oscillations will be amplified. This excess energy can be delivered to a load 17 connected across the transformer T secondary winding 13. The processes involved in the conversion of the energy released by the spontaneous disintegration of a radioactive material into electrical energy are numerous and complex. Materials that are naturally radioactive decay by the emission of either an alpha particle or a beta particle, and gamma rays may accompany either process. Radioactive materials that decay primarily by alpha particle emission are preferred as the inductor core 7 material. Alpha particles are emitted with very high speeds, on the order of 1.6.times.10.sup.7 meters per second (m/s), and, consequently, have very high kinetic energy. Alpha particles emitted when radium, for example, decays are found to consist of two groups, those with a kinetic energy of 48.79.times.10.sup.5 electron volts (ev) and those having an energy of 46.95.times.10.sup.5 ev. This kinetic energy must be dissipated when the alpha particles are absorbed by the conductor forming inductor 5. During the absorption process, each alpha particle will collide with one or more atoms in the conductor knocking electrons from their orbits and imparting some kinetic energy to the electrons. This results in increased numbers of conduction electrons in the conductor thereby increasing its conductivity. Since the alpha particle is a positively charged ion, while the alpha particle is moving it will have an associated magnetic field. When the alpha particle is stopped by the conductor, the magnetic field will collapse thereby inducing a pulse of current in the conductor producing a net increase in the current flowing in the circuit 1. Also, there will be additional electrons stripped from orbit due to ionization produced by the positively charged alpha particles. Referring now to Figure 2, the nuclear battery 20 is constructed in a cylindrical configuration. Inductor 5 is constructed of copper wire wound in a single layer around the radioactive core 7. Decay products, such as alpha particles, are emitted radially outward from the core 7 as indicated by arrows 2 to be absorbed by the copper conductor forming inductor 5. Eight transformers 15 are arranged in a circular pattern to form a cylinder concentric with and surrounding inductor 5. The transformers 15 have primary windings 9a-9h connected in series which are then connected in series with inductor 5 and capacitor 3 to form an LCR circuit. The central core 7, inductor 5 and the eight transformers 15 are positioned within a cylindrical-shaped container 19. Copper wire is wound in a single layer on the outside wall and the inside wall of cylinder 19 to form windings 23 and 21 respectively. The transformers 15 secondary windings 13a-13h and windings 21 and 23 are connected in series to output terminals 25 and 27. The configuration of inductor 5 is designed to insure maximum irradiation of the copper conductor by the radioactive core source 7. The cylindrical configuration of the power transformer insures maximum transformer efficiency with minimum magnetic flux leakage. Referring now to Figure 3, the radioactive core 7 comprises a radium needle 39 surrounded by a cylinder of powdered thorium 31 having a plurality of uranium rods 33 positioned within the thorium 31. The powdered thorium 31 is contained by concentric cylinder walls 35 and 37. The use of a mixture of these radioactive materials for the core 7 produces a synergistic effect in that a greater flux of alpha particles is produced than by any one of the materials above due to additional induced disintegration events occurring. Referring now to Figures 4 and 5, top and side views of a nuclear battery constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention is shown. The inductor core 7 consists of radium needle 39 positioned longitudinally in the center of a cylinder of powdered thorium 31. The powdered thorium 31 is contained by concentric cylinder walls 35 and 37 (a material such as light cardboard may be utilized for this purpose). Inductor 5 is formed from two layers of American Wire Gage (AWG) #8 copper wire, one layer 41 wound on the inward facing wall 37 surrounding the radium needle 39 and the other layer 43 wound on the outside of wall 35 thereby surrounding the powdered thorium 31 and uranium rods 33. The inductor core 7 is 11/4 inches in diameter and 6 inches long, with an overall diameter of 15/8 inches for inductor 5. The eight transformers 15 each have a core 45 of laminated silicon steel 3/4 inches square by 6 inches in length. The primary windings 9a-9h each consist of four layers of AWG #18 copper wire and the secondary windings 13a-13h each consist of two layers of AWG #12 copper wire. The transformers 15 have an overall outside diameter of 11/4 inches. The outer cylinder 19 is laminated silicon steel and an inner winding 21 of AWG #12 copper wire and an outer winding 23 of AWG #12 copper wire. End plates 47 and 49 consisting of 1/2 inch thick annular rings of laminated silicon steel having an inner diameter of 23/4 inches and outer diameter of 43/4 inches are utilized to provide a low reluctance path to complete the magnetic circuit as shown by dashed line 51. When assembled, the nuclear battery is immersed in an oil-filled can (not shown) equipped with heat sinks (not shown) to provide the necessary cooling for the power transformer. The capacitor 3 used in the LCR circuit is a high Q energy discharge resonant capacitor of the oil filled type. Using a one millicurie radium needle 39, 200 grams of uranium 33 and 100 grams of powdered thorium 31 in the configuration shown in Figures 2 and 3, at 86 kiloHz, a continuous output of 23 amperes at 400 volts into a resistance load has been achieved. A configuration utilizing additional radium needles 53, as shown in FIG. 4, may be used to achieve higher power outputs. While I have shown and described the preferred embodiment of my invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that this invention is not limited to the specific structure described herein and that numerous changes and variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention or exceeding the scope of the appended claims. Claims ~ I claim: 1. Apparatus for converting radioactive energy to electrical energy, said apparatus comprising: an electrical conductor wound on a core to form an inductor having a first inductance, said core being of radioactive material; a capacitor having a predetermined capacitance C; a transformer having a primary winding, a secondary winding and a transformer core, said primary winding and said secondary winding wound on said transformer core, said primary winding having a second inductance, said secondary winding for coupling electrical energy to a workload; and electrical conductor means for connecting said inductor, said capacitor and said primary winding in series fashion to form a series LCR circuit wherein electrical oscillations are induced, said electrical oscillations being sustained and amplified by the energy transferred to said electrical conductor by the radioactive decay of said radioactive material, wherein L is the sum of said first inductance and said second inductance and R is a predetermined resistance. 2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said core is comprised of at least two different radioactive materials. 3. Apparatus as in claim 2 wherein said radioactive materials decay primarily by alpha particle emission. 4. Apparatus as in claim 3 wherein said core is comprised of three radioactive materials. 5. Apparatus as in claim 4 wherein said three radioactive materials comprise radium, uranium and thorium. 6. Apparatus for converting the energy of radioactive decay products to electrical energy, said apparatus comprising: an electrical conductor wound on a core to form an inductor having a first inductance, said core being fabricated of radioactive material; a capacitor having a predetermined capacitance C; a plurality of transformers disposed in a generally circular configuration to form a cylinder, said core being disposed within said cylinder, the longitudinal axis of said core being coincident with the longitudinal axis of said cylinder, each of said plurality of transformers having a primary winding and a secondary winding, each of said plurality of primary windings connected in series fashion with the remaining primary windings, each of said plurality of secondary windings connected in series fashion with the remaining secondary windings, said series-connected secondary windings for coupling electrical energy to a workload; and electrical conductor means for connecting said inductor, said capacitor, said series-connected primary windings and a predetermined resistance R in a series fashion to form a series LCR circuit wherein electrical oscillations are induced, said electrical oscillations being sustained and amplified by the energy transferred to said electrical conductor by the radioactive decay of said radioactive material. 7. Apparatus as in claim 6 wherein said core is comprised of at least two different radioactive materials. 8. Apparatus as in claim 7 wherein said series LCR circuit comprises an inductance L equivalent to the sum of the inductances of said inductor and said series-connected primary windings, capacitance C and a resistance R equal to the total distributed DC resistance of said LCR circuit. 9. Apparatus as in claim 8 further including an outer cylinder enclosing said cylinder and having its longitudinal axis coincident with the longitudinal axis of said core, an inner winding disposed adjacent the inner surface of said outer cylinder, an outer winding wound on the outer surface of said outer cylinder, said inner and outer windings connected in series fashion with said series-connected secondary windings for coupling electrical energy to a workload. 10. Apparatus as in claim 9 wherein said core is comprised of a mixture of radium, uranium, and thorium. Obituary Nuclear Solutions, Inc. regretfully announces the death of Dr. Paul M. Brown. Dr. Brown was killed on April 7, 2002 in an automobile accident in Boise, Idaho. He developed the idea for the Company's patented photoremediation technology for the remediation of nuclear waste that will now be his legacy. He is survived by his wife and two children. ``Our team is saddened by this tragic loss, however, we remain fully committed to realizing the vision that Dr. Brown inspired us with. His vision holds the promise of safe and economical treatment of nuclear waste and the potential for a new generation of power reactors,'' said John Dempsey, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer. ``We have assembled a management and scientific team that is competent and fully capable of implementing the technology that Dr. Brown invented as well as our newer acquisitions such as our GHR tritium removal technology,'' he concluded. John Dempsey and Patrick Herda, co-founder and Vice President of Business Development will direct the company's activities until a new CEO is appointed by the company's board of directors. Their efforts will be supported by Dr. Qi Ao, Vice President of Research and Development and Adrian Joseph, PhD., Vice President of Special Projects. 1. The application of photonuclear physics to nuclear waste is called Photodeactivation. Photodeactivation involves the irradiation of specific radioactive isotopes to force the emission of a neutron, thereby producing an isotope of reduced atomic mass. These resultant isotopes can be characteristically either not radioactive or radioactive with a short half-life. The fundamental mechanism works on the laboratory scale, and preliminary research suggests that this technology will also work on the industrial scale. NSOL is taking the steps necessary for commercialization of the technology. As for most of the advanced nuclear technologies developed today, computer simulation is one of the most important and necessary steps. NSOL will use and improve a series of nuclear simulation codes. The new set of simulation codes will allow the NSOL research and development team to design, test, improve, and develop experiments and commercial facilities through computer modeling. NSOL plans to capitalize on its patent and patent-pending technology by forming strategic alliances and joint ventures with well-established leaders in the nuclear industry. Continued revenue streams are expected through licensing of the technology with both upfront fees and ongoing royalties. 2. NSOL's technology, the HYPERCON(TM) ADS process, is an X-ray based photodisintegration process. The technology could be developed into new applications for remediation of nuclear waste. The proposed process would operate at a sub-critical level, and be inherently safe. Any excess heat produced by the process could also be recovered to generate electricity. 3. NSOL holds a licencefor the exclusive worldwide rights to a proprietary technology for the removal of radioactive isotopes from contaminated wastewater called GHR. Water containing ritium and deuterium is currently stored in several locations worldwide due to the expense of available methods of treatment. Severe health problems for humans and animals are linked to these contaminants and pose a worldwide environmental threat. Several methods for the extraction of tritium from water are currently available. However these methods such as chemical, electrolytic, ion exchange, or distillation systems have high costs associated with their operation. As a result significant quantities of tritium-contaminated water are being stored rather than treated due to cost concerns. The storage of tritium-contaminated water poses a risk to the environment due to the high mobility of water after a containment failure. () [InternetShortcut] URL=http://www.panteca.com/gea/05indi/05_03.htm

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in questo testo c' lintepretazione dei dati per un motore antigravitazionale concepito il 7/3/2002

si puo' vedere che il motore puo essere racchiuso un una suerficie cilindrica o ovale

il cuore del sistema e' pero nel centro come si pu' vedere in figura il cappuccio centrale e il contenitore di argon e il motore e la base a forma di disco .

RUSSIAN ANTIGRAVITY EXPERIMENT

RUSSIAN
ANTIGRAVITY EXPERIMENT

 

Experimental Research of the Magnetic-Gravity Effects 

V. V. Roschin, E-mail: rochtchin@mail.ru>
S. M. Godin, E-mail: serjio@glasnet.ru>

 Institute for High Temperatures, Russian Academy of Science, Izhorskaya 13/19, Moscow 127412, Russia 

Abstract
In the present paper the results of the experimental research of Magnetic-Gravity Effects are presented. The abnormal magnetic and thermal changes in the radius of 15 meters from the researched device were measured as well. PACS: 41.20.-q; 44.60.+k; 76.50.+q

 1. Introduction
There has been a great interest in examining nonlinear effects in the system of rotating magnetic fields. Such effects have been observed in the device called Searl's generator or SEG (SEG, Searl Effect Generator) [1-4]. An SEG consists of a series of three rings and rollers that go around those rings. All parts of SEG are based on the Law of the Squares. The rollers revolve around the plates that form the rings, but they do not touch them. There's a primary north and south pole on the rollers and a primary north and south pole on the plates. Obviously you will have the north pole of the roller attracted to the south pole of the plate. The plate and the rollers have layered structure. The external layer - Titan, then Iron, Nylon and last internal layer was made from Neodymium. John R.R. Searl has supposed that the electrons are given off from the central element (which is neodymium), and they travel out through other elements. If nylon had not been put there, the SEG would act like a laser and one pulse would go out and it would stop, build up, and another pulse would go out. But, with the nylon being, nylon acts as a control gate, and that control gate gives you an even flow of electrons throughout the SEG [4]. In [4] it was shown that in the process of magnetization of the plate and rollers, the combination of constant and variable magnetic fields for creating a special wave (sine wave) pattern on a plate surface and rollers surface was used. The basic effects are the rollers selfrunning around a ring plate and reduction of weight up to occurrence of propulsion and flying up of all magnetic system. These effects come about because of a special geometry of experimental setup. It was shown that the work of the device in critical regime is accompanied by biological and real physical phenomena. Unfortunately except for the listed references we could not find other information where similar effects are be mentioned. In this paper we present the experimental device the results we have obtained. 

2. The description of the experimental installation
The basic difficulty is in a choosing the materials and maintaining the necessary pattern imprinting on the plate and rollers surfaces. To simplify the technology we decided to use a one-ring design with one-ring plate (stator) and one-ring of rollers (rotor). It is obvious, that it was necessary to strengthen the rollers on a rotor by the bearings and balance the rollers well. In the suggested design the air bearings were used which provided the minimum losses due to friction. From the available description [1-4] it was not clear how it is possible to make and magnetize the stator with a diameter of about one meter. In order to make the stator from separate magnetized segments executed on the basis of rare earth magnets with the residual induction 1T; the segments were magnetized in a usual way by discharging capacitor battery through the coil. Afterwards the segments were assembled and glued together in a special iron armature, which reduced magnetic energy. To manufacture the stator 110 KGs of rare earth magnets were used, and to manufacture the rotor 115 KGs of that material was used. High-frequency field under magnetization was not applied. It was decided to replace an imprinting technology described in [1-4] with cross-magnetic inserts having a flux vector directed at 90 degrees to a vector of basic magnetization of a stator and rollers of a rotor. For these cross inserts the modified rare earth magnets with a residual magnetization of 1,2 T and coercive force a little bit greater than in a base material was used. In Fig.1 and Fig.2 the joint arrangement of stator 1, elements of a rotor - rollers 2 and a way of their mutual gearing by means of cross magnetic inserts 19, are shown. Between the stator and roller surfaces the air gap d of 1-mm is left. 

No layered structure was used except a continuous copper foil of 0.8 mm thickness which wrapped up the stator and rollers. This foil has the direct electrical contact to magnets of a stator and rollers. Distance between inserts in the rollers is equal to distance between inserts on the stator. 

figure 1
Fig.1. Variant of one-ring converter.

The ratio of parameters of the stator 1 and the rotor 2 in Fig.2 is chosen so that the relation of stator diameter - D and roller diameter - d is an integer equal to or greater then 12. Choosing such ratio allow us to achieve a magnetic spin wave resonant mode between elements of a working body of the device is achieved. 

Figure 2
Fig.2. A way of organization of magnetic gearing stator and rollers.

The elements of magnetic system were assembled in a uniform design on the aluminium platform. In Fig.3 the general view of the platform with one-ring converter is displayed. This platform was supplied with springs, amortizators and had a possibility of moving vertical on three supports. The value of displacement was measured by the induction meter of displacement 14; thus the change of the platform weight at once has been defined during the experiment in real time. Gross weight of the platform with magnetic system in the initial condition was 350 KGs. 

Figure 3
Fig.3. The general view of the platform with one-ring converter. 

The stator 1 was mounted motionlessly, and the rollers 2 were assembled on a mobile common separator 3, connected with the basic shaft 4 of the device. Through this shaft the rotary moment was transferred. The basic shaft by the means of friction muff 5 was connected to the electrodynamics generator 7 and starting engine 6, which accelerated the converter up to a mode of self-sustained rotation. Along a rotor the electromagnetic inductors 8 with open cores 9 were located. The magnetic rollers 2 crossed the open cores of inductors and closed the magnetic flux through electromagnetic inductors 8, and induced emf in them, which acted directly on an active load 10 (a set of incandescent lamps with total power 1 kW). The electromagnetic inductors 8 were equipped with an electrical drive 11 and had an opportunity to smoothly move on supports 12. To study the influence of the external high voltage on the characteristics of the converter the system of radial electrical polarization was mounted. On periphery of the rotor ring electrodes 13 were set between the electromagnetic inductors 8 having with the rollers 2 air gap of 10 mm. The electrodes are connected to a high-voltage source; the positive potential was connected to the stator, and the negative to the polarization electrodes. The voltage was adjusted in a range of 0-20 kV. In experiments the constant value of 20 kV was used. In case of emergency braking, friction disk from the ordinary car braking system was mounted on a basic shaft of the rotor. The electrodynamics generator 7 was connected to active load through a set of switches ensuring step connection of the load from 1 kW to 10 kW. The converter under going testing had in its inner structure the oil friction generator of thermal energy 15, intended for taping a superfluous power (more than 10 kW) into the thermo-exchange contour. But since the real output power of the converter in experiment has not exceeded 7 kW, the oil friction thermal generator was not used. The complete stabilization of revolutions of the rotor was carried out by electromagnetic inductors connected to an additional load, which was set of incandescent lamps with total power 1 kW. 

3. Experimental results The magnetic-gravity converter was built in a laboratory room on three concrete supports at a ground level. The ceiling height the lab room was 3 meters. Besides the presence of the iron-concrete ceiling, in immediate proximity from the magnetic system there was a generator and electric motor, which contained some tens KGs of iron and could potentially deform the field's pattern. The device was started by the electric motor, which accelerated the rotation of the rotor. The revolutions were smoothly increased up to the moment the ammeter included in a circuit of the electric motor started to show zero or lower value of a consumed current or even a presence of the back current. The presence of the back current is detected at approx. 550 rpm. The magnetic moving sensor 14 starts to detect the change in weight of the whole installation at 200 rpm. Afterwards the electric motor is completely disconnected by the electromagnetic muff and the ordinary electrodynamics generator is connected to the basic shaft of the device through the same muff. The rotor of the converter continues to self-accelerate and with the approach to the critical mode of 550 rpm, the weight of the device quickly changes. In addition to the change speed of rotation the weight depend of the power, removed into active load, (the set of ten ordinary electrical water heaters of 1 kW was used) and of the applied polarizing voltage, as well. At the maximum output power equal to 6-7 kW the change of weight G of the whole platform (total weight is about 350 KGs), reaches 35 % of the weight in an initial condition G?. A load of more than 7 kW results in a gradual decrease of revolutions and exit from the mode of self-generation with the subsequent complete stop of the rotor. The weight of a platform can be controlled by applying of a high voltage to cellular ring electrodes located at a distance of 10 mm from external surfaces of the rollers. Under the high 20 kV voltage (electrodes negative pole) the increase of taped power in circuit of the basic generator more than 6 kW does not influence G while the revolutions per min is not decreased to 400 rpm. "Tightening" of this effect is observed as well as the effect of hysteresis on G (a kind of "residual induction"). The experimental diagrams given on Fig.4 illustrate the modes of the converter operations. 

Figure 4
Fig. 4. Modes of operations of the magnet-gravity converter. 

The effect of a local change of the platform weight is convertible relative to the direction of rotor turning, and has the same hysteresis. At clockwise rotation the critical mode comes in the area of 550 rpm and the propulsion force against the direction of gravitation vector is created, by analogy, at counter-clockwise rotation the critical mode comes the in area of 600 rpm and the propulsion on the direction of gravitation vector is created. The difference in approach to a critical mode of 50 - 60 rpm was observed. It is necessary to mention that the most interesting region lies above the critical area of 550 rpm, but due to of a number of circumstances the implementation of such research was not possible. Other interesting effects include the work of the converter in the dark room when corona discharges are observed around the converter's rotor as a blue-pink glowing luminescence and a characteristic ozone smell. The cloud of ionization covers the area of a stator and a rotor and has accordingly toroidal form. On the background of luminescence glowing on rollers' surfaces we distinguished wave picture. A number of more vigorous strips of discharges around the rollers were observed. These discharges were of the white - yellow colour is, but the characteristic for the arc discharges sound was not audible. One more effect previously not mentioned was observed i.e. the vertical magnetic "walls" around the installation. We noticed and measured the abnormal permanent magnetic field around the converter in the radius of 15 meters. The zones of an increased intensity of a magnetic flux 0,05T located concentrically from the centre of the installation were detected. The direction of magnetic field vector in these walls coincided with the direction of rollers' field vector. The structure of these zones reminded circles on water from the thrown stone. Between these zones a portable magnetometer, which used the Hall's sensor as a sensitive element, did not register abnormal magnetic fields. The layers of an increased intensity are distributed practically without losses up to a distance of about 15 meters from the centre of the converter and quickly decrease at the border of this zone. The thickness of each layer is about 5 - 8 cm. The border of each layer has sharp shape, the distance between layers is about 50 - 60 cm and it slightly accrues when moving from the centre of the converter. The steady picture of this field was observed as well at a height of 6 m above the installation (on the second floor above the lab.). Above the second floor the measurements were not carried out. The abnormal fall of the temperature in direct affinity from the converter was also found. While the common temperature background in laboratory was + 22? (2?) the fall of temperature equal to 6-8? was noticed. The same phenomenon was observed in vertical magnetic walls as well as. The measurements of temperature inside the magnetic walls were carried out by the ordinary alcohol thermometer with inertia of indication about 1,5 min. In the magnetic walls the temperature changes can be distinctly observed even by hand. The hand when placed into this magnetic wall feels real cold at once. The similar picture was observed at the height above installation, i.e. on the second floor of the laboratory as well as despite the ferro-concrete blocking of ceiling. 

4. Discussion
All the results we obtained are extremely unusual and require some theoretical explanation. Unfortunately the interpretation of results within the framework of the conventional physical theory cannot explain all the observed phenomena and first of all the change of weight. The change of weight is possible to interpret as a local change of gravity force or as an occurrence of propulsion force by repelling from its own field. Direct experiment, confirming a presence of draft force was not performed, but in any case both interpretations of the weight change do not correspond to the modern physical paradigm and demand reconsideration of the standard theory of gravitation or criticism of the second law of Newton, both of which are only possible if we take into consideration the now-advert physical media ether as understood by Faraday-Maxwell-Mie. From the modern physics position electrization and luminescence of the converter's magnetic system in the near zone is not completely clear. The phenomenon of the magnetic and thermal "walls" may be connected with Alphen's magnetic-sound waves raised in near zone in magnetized plasma induced by a variable magnetic field of a rotating rotor [5]. 

At present time we can not give an exact description of the interactions mechanism with environment and transformation of energy, but it is completely obvious, that without the use of the concept of physical media - the ether in a sense of Faraday-Maxwell-Mie we are completely unable to give physically substantial theory of these phenomena. In conclusion, we emphasize that the issues of the biological influence effects and especially of the variations of real time stream effects, which must be taking place in an operative zone of the converter, were not considered at all. These issues are extremely important and absolutely unexplored; though there are some mentions of J.R.R.Searl about healing action of the SEG's radiation. Our own experience allows to make only cautious assumption that the short-term stay (dozen minutes) in a working zone of the converter with the fixed output power of 6 kW remains for the people without observed consequences. The present paper is only a beginning. 

References
1. Von Herbert Schneider, Dr. J.B. Koeppl, Hans - Joachim Ehlers. Begegnung mit John R.R. Searl. Raum und Ziet, #39, 1989, pp. 75-80.
2. Von S. Gunnar Sandberg. Was ist dran am Searl-effect. Raum und Ziet, #40, 1989, pp. 67-75.
3. Von Herbert Schneider. Harry Watt. Dem Searl-effect auf der spur. Raum und Ziet, # 42, 1989, pp.75-81; #43, pp.73-77.
4. John A. Thomas Jr. ANTI-GRAVITY: The Dream Made Reality. Extraordinary Science, vol.VI, Issue2, 1994. 
5. L.D.Landau, E.M.Lifshits. Electrodynamics of continuous media.- Moscow, Nauka, 1982. (in Russian).

di potenziale elettrico che esiste >> tra loro. Secondo: oggi sappiamo come ricoprire una molecola di >> Dna >> con atomi di metallo, formando >> così un cavo conduttore che oltretutto si assembla da solo (come >> >> appunto il Dna). Combinando le due >> cose, Ben-Jacob ha già nel cassetto lo schema di un transistor, >> cioè >> il componente fondamentale di >> ogni circuito logico, grande quanto una singola molecola. leggoiorioL'avvocato del diavolo ? Uno strumento di conservazione della nube di nano molecole potrebbe essere un buon dispostivo per non farle disperdere ma cosa puo' resiste al vento solare come si potra' configuare una condizione di equilibrio del materiale e quindi poterlo utilizzare ? Non e' che il dispositivo proprio per la sua volatilita' si diluisce nello spazio ? Per ovviare a questo comstanno le liee di forza del cmpo che spingono le nanomolecole in punti di aggregazione specifici. nanotecnologie tecnologie spaziali per sistemi di lancio riutilizzabili opportunita utilizzo delle nanotecnologie nei sistemi spaziali nanotechnologies space them for riutilizzabili systems of launch lanciatore nanomolecolare al plasma assemblabile in volo e >> riutilizzabile in piu' missioni >> Simulazione : >> assembare in volo >> >> e' questo l'obbiettivo del lanciatore : >> premesso che il plasma e' un materiale fluido costituito da >> particelle >> in movimento cariche. >> Si descriveuna equazione del moto che in alta altmosfera si assume >> l'assenza di collisioni tra particelle paria (esperssione 10) > > > la teoria permette di determinare i diversi tipi di oscrillazione che > caratterizano il plasma > >> > > ma come avanza il plasma fisicamente : e come le nanomolecole si > uniscono tra loro ? > sono molecole di dna ricoperte con atomi di metallo, formano un > così un cavo conduttore che oltretutto si assembla da solo > (come appunto il Dna). Combinando le due > cose, lo schema di un transistor, cioè > il componente fondamentale di ogni circuito logico, e puo' poi > diventare attivo a seconda della frequenza che > viene irradiata da terra ( se e'frequenza bassa il sistama plasma e' > stabile ) > Si puo' qundi ipotizzare il controllo del fattore di dispersione > ovvero il legame funzionale tra frequenza e lunghezza d'onda che > contine tutte le informaini al fenomeno oscillatorioin esame > > Le onde nel plasma posso essere di due tipielettrosatiche B=0 e > elettromagnetiche Bdiverso da 0 > quindi si avrebbero due tipi di circuiti uno costituito da elettroni > ( che servirebbe come forza di alimentazione e di mesaggi) e uno > costituito da ioni che servirebbe per assemblare e rispezzettare > scheda il circuito elettronico di lavoro la struttura e' governata dal > dna . > alle quote operative del circuito dove il campo e' in buona > approssimazione pari a B= 0.3 gauss la frequenza + 1 MHz + 10 MHz > > Vediamo come vengono assemblate i circiti dei transistor: > mediante l'equazione del moto che si comporta come un gia' vista in > precenza e in relazione con la relazione di dispersione delle onde > ioniche generalmete dete onde ionico acustiche essendo il meccanismo > con cui esse si sviluppano analogo a quello delle onde sonore .. > Si avrea una impacchettamento nella zona di unione dei due fronti > d'onda e in quelle zone si salderanno > i nostri ioni molecolari e li rimaranno fintanto che ci saranno i > fenomeni di compressione poi una volta > che il circuito sara' attivo ci potra' essere una fase di rarefazione > che in alcuni casi potrebbe dire > >> > forrestb@ix.netcom.com 4 step campi di ricerca fotonica che fanno riferimento alle nanotecnologie sono: · ottica integrata per lo sviluppo di dispositivi in ottica guidata; · ottica integrata per lo sviluppo di dispositivi in ottica diffrattiva; · reticoli per dispositivi ottico-guidati ed in propagazione libera; · ottiche diffrattive ed olografiche · strutture ottico-meccaniche per la manipolazione di segnali in prodispositivi di conversione di lunghezza d'onda · siricezione per comunicazioni ottiche multilunghezza d'onda di alte prestazioni · sistemi di comunicazioni ottiche interchip e interboard per computer. · packaging di dispositivi micro-ottici.pagazione libera ed in propagazione guidata; · >> >> ma come L'utilizzo di propulsione spaziale convenzionale non potra' >> mai >> portare quasi gratis il materiale >> dalla ionosfera al 34 km di altezza mentre le molecole ionizzate dai >> >> fenomeni di Hessdaeln possono caricare e spingere scaimi di >> particelle >> che si autoassemblano quandoi vengono investite dalla tempesta >> solare >> che quindi in particolari momenti temporali puo' mediante il suo >> flusso >> di particelle compattare e ionizzare e qundi sia fisicamente >> assemblare >> e sia dare energia elettrica al dispositivo che una volta >> autoassemblato >> e orientato puo' svolgere il suo lavoro con l'ausilio del solo campo >> >> magnetico terrestre o del' effetto del teteret . >> Il plasma ha una neutralita' di carica e quindi l'oggetto e' stabile >> se >> si vuole inserire un nuovo oggettodideve fare leva sul principio che >> >> tale princio puo' essere violato nel momento che nel priodo di >> oscillazione del plasma omeg + radice ne al quadato frato m e e >> >> Eshel Ben-Jacob, dell'Università di Tel Aviv, ha già in mente i >> nanochip. Che si potrebbero basare su due principi. Primo: i >> legami >> chimici tra gli atomi di una >> molecola possono funzionare come "tunnel" per superare la >> barriera >> di potenziale elettrico che esiste >> tra loro. Secondo: oggi sappiamo come ricoprire una molecola di >> Dna >> con atomi di metallo, formando >> così un cavo conduttore che oltretutto si assembla da solo (come >> >> appunto il Dna). Combinando le due >> cose, Ben-Jacob ha già nel cassetto lo schema di un transistor, >> cioè >> il componente fondamentale di >> ogni circuito logico, grande quanto una singola molecola. leggoiorio . htm^M ergonline.roma@libero.it ttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html tutto sugli abstract dello spazio .. ext-search.com hwupgrate.it //ftpsearch.licos.com dizionario : babylon.com nero.com/ rea bimbo_vi@hotmail.com bimbo_vi@hotmail.com : ufficio.convegni@amm.unitn.it imbo_vi@hotmail.com bimbo_vi@hotmail.com : ufficio.convegni@amm.unitn.it . htm^M ergonline.roma@libero.it ttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html tutto sugli abstract dello spazio .. ext-search.com hwupgrate.it //ftpsearch.licos.com dizionario : babylon.com nero.com/ agliuffizi@hotmail.com . htm^M ergonline.roma@libero.it ttp://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html tutto sugli abstract dello spazio .. ext-search.com hwupgrate.it //ftpsearch.licos.com dizionario : babylon.com nero.com/ agliuffizi@hotmail.com Enrico i am predestinet for " professia " of nostradamus in the yarhs 2001 2017 my futhure life is tiping for Nostradamus in the book VI centuria e quartina 27 " dedans les isles de cinq plures a un" is my Enrico Nostradamus Prophesied the Revelation in the Century X, Quatrain 75 which will come true by the end of the millennium. for translation bets regard ejeong@bga.com bruce@arcanet.com psychoceramics@zikzak.net